List of Pacific hurricanes

This is a list of notable Pacific hurricanes, subdivided by reason for notability. Notability means that it has met some criterion or achieved some statistic, or is part of a top ten for some superlative. It includes lists and rankings of Pacific hurricanes by different characteristics and impacts.

Characteristics include extremes of location, such as the northernmost or most equator-ward formation or position of a tropical cyclone. Other characteristics include its central pressure, windspeed, Category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, cyclogenesis outside of a normal hurricane season's timeframe, or storms that remain unnamed despite forming after tropical cyclone naming began in 1960. Another characteristic is how long a system went from formation to dissipation. Impacts are what the cyclone did. These include the cost of damage, the number of casualties, as well as meteorological statistics such as rainfall point maxima.

Hurricane Pauline

Impact

Retired names

Additionally, Adolph and Israel were removed from the list of names during and after the 2001 season due to political sensitivities. Knut was removed from the list in 1988 for unknown reasons. Adele, Iva, and Fefa were also removed in 1970, 1988, and 1991 respectively for unknown reasons. Hazel was replaced in 1965.[1] The name Isis was also pre-emptively removed from the lists of names for 2016 after being deemed inappropriate because of the eponymous militant group in 2015.[2]

Unnamed but historically significant

Name Year Notes
San Diego hurricane 1858 Strongest tropical cyclone to affect California[3]
California tropical storm 1939 Only known modern landfall in California[4]
Cabo San Lucas hurricane 1941 Deadliest hurricane to hit Cabo San Lucas in the 20th century[5]
1943 Mazatlán hurricane 1943 One of the strongest hurricanes to hit Mazatlán[6]
Texas hurricane 1949 Most intense Pacific-Atlantic crossover[7]
1957 Mazatlán hurricane 1957 Third-strongest Mexico landfall[6]
Mexico hurricane 1959 Deadliest Pacific hurricane[8]

Deadliest tropical cyclones

Hurricane Paul was the second-deadliest pacific hurricane

The following tropical cyclones have caused at least 100 deaths.

Hurricane Season Fatalities Ref.
"Mexico" 1959 1,800 [9]
Paul 1982 1,696 [10][11][12][13][14]
Liza 1976 1,108 [15][16]
Tara 1961 436 [17]
Aletta 1982 308 [18][19]
Pauline 1997 230–400 [20]
Agatha 2010 190 [21][22]
Manuel 2013 169 [23]
Tico 1983 141 [24][25]
Ismael 1995 116 [26]
"Lower California" 1931 110 [27][28]
"Mazatlán" 1943 100 [29]
Lidia 1981 100 [22]

Costliest tropical cyclones

Damage from Hurricane Manuel

The following tropical cyclones have caused at least $750 million in damage.

Costliest known Pacific hurricanes
Storm Season Cost, equivalent
to US$ in 2015
Manuel 2013 $4.27 billion
Paul 1982 $3.83 billion
Iniki 1992 $3.04 billion
Beatriz 1993 $2.79 billion
"Mexico" 1959 $2.28 billion
Odile 2014 $1.22 billion
Octave 1983 $1.22 billion
Agatha 2010 $1.2 billion
Aletta 1982 $1.12 billion
Norman 1978 $1.09 billion

Seasonal activity and records

In the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility (AOR), the season with the most tropical cyclones is the 2015 season with 16 cyclones forming in or entering the region. A season without cyclones has happened a few times since 1966, most recently in 1979.[30]

Highest

Track map of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, the busiest ever recorded
Year NHC's AOR CPHC's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
1992 season 24 14 8 3 2 2 27 16 10
2015 season 18 13 10 8 3 1 26 16 11
1985 season 22 12 8 2 2 0 24 14 8
1982 season 19 11 5 4 1 0 23 12 5
2016 season 20 12 5 2 2 1 22 13 6
2014 season 20 15 7 2 1 2 22 16 9
1983 season 21 12 8 0 0 0 21 12 8
1984 season 18 12 6 3 1 1 21 13 7
1990 season 20 16 6 1 0 0 21 16 6

Lowest

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[31] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[32] Intensity estimates are most reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two factors make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[32] For these reasons, seasons prior to 1971 are not included.

Year NHC's AOR CPHC's AOR Total
Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes		 Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
2010 season 7 3 2 1 0 0 8 3 2
1977 season 8 4 0 0 0 0 8 4 0
1996 season 9 5 2 0 0 0 9 5 2
1999 season 9 6 2 0 0 0 9 6 2
1995 season 10 7 3 0 0 0 10 7 3
1979 season 10 6 4 0 0 0 10 6 4

Naming history

Hurricane Oho, the eighth system to receive a central Pacific name in 2015

Naming of tropical cyclones in the eastern north Pacific began in the 1960 season. That year, four lists of names were created. The plan was to proceed in a manner similar to that of the western Pacific; that is, the name of the first storm in one season would be the next unused one from the same list, and when the bottom of one list was reached the next list was started. This scheme was abandoned in 1965 and next year, the lists started being recycled on a four-year rotation, starting with the A name each year.[33] That same general scheme remains in use today, although the names and lists are different. On average, the eastern north Pacific sees about sixteen named storms per year.[34]

Named storms per month

Four of the July cyclones during the 2016 season

Before 1971 and especially 1966, data in this basin is extremely unreliable. The geostationary satellite era began in 1966,[31] and that year is often considered the first year of reliable tropical records.[32] Intensity estimates are more reliable starting in the 1971 season. A few years later, the Dvorak technique came into use. Those two make intensity estimates more reliable starting in that year.[32] For these reasons, seasons before 1966 are not included in the lowest column.

Month Most named Least named
Number Season Number Season
Pre-season 2 1992 0 Many†
Late May 2 1984
2007
2012
2013 		0 Many†
June 5 1985 0 1969
2004
2006
2007
2016
July 7 1985
2015
2016 		0 1966
2010
August 9 1968 0 1996
September 6 1966
1992
2005 		1 1979
2010
October 5 1992 0 1989
1995
1996
2005
2010
November 2 2006
2015 		0 Many†
Post-season/
December		 1 Many† 0 Many†

† Shared by more than five seasons. Source:[35]

Off-season storms

A meteorological enigma, Hurricane Ekeka formed in January and became a major hurricane.

The Pacific hurricane season runs from May 15 to November 30.[36] Only systems that develop or enter during the off-season are included. The earliest off-season storm is Pali in 2016 whilst the latest off-season storm was Nine-C during 2015.

Name Formation date Ref.
Unnamed December 1832 [37]
Unnamed December 23, 1902 [38]
Unnamed December 23, 1904 [38]
Unnamed May 3, 1906 [38]
Unnamed February 6, 1922 [39]
Unnamed December 22, 1925 [40]
Unnamed December 4, 1936 [41]
Carmen April 4, 1980† [42]
Winnie December 4, 1983 [35]
Winona January 9, 1989 [43]
Alma May 12, 1990 [35]
Ekeka January 26, 1992 [44]
Hali March 28, 1992 [35]
One-E May 13, 1996 [35]
Omeka December 20, 2010 [35]
Aletta May 14, 2012 [35]
Nine-C December 31, 2015
Pali January 7, 2016

†Entered the basin on this date

Unnamed storms

The unnamed hurricane of 1975 near the Pacific Northwest

Tropical cyclones have received official names in the east-central Pacific region since 1960. Since this time, 5 systems that have formed in this area have not received a name, plus another possible unnamed subtropical or tropical system in 2006.

Strength

Category 5

Since 1959, only 15 Pacific hurricanes are known to have reached Category 5 and none made landfall while at this intensity.[35]

Category 4

Since 1900, 113 Pacific hurricanes have attained Category 4 intensity, of which four made landfall at that strength.[35]

Duration records

Hurricane Tina, the longest lasting Pacific hurricane east of the international dateline

This lists all Pacific hurricanes that existed as tropical cyclones while in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline for more than two weeks continuously. Hurricanes John and Dora spent some time in the west Pacific before dissipating. John spent eleven days west of the dateline; if that time was included John would have existed for a total of 30 days and 18 hours, a world record, while including Dora's time in the west Pacific would mean that it existed for 18 days.[35] One Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Joan, crossed into this basin and was renamed Miriam,[45] giving it a total lifespan of 22 days,[46] but not all of that was in the Pacific. 1993's Greg formed from the remnants of 1993's Tropical Storm Bret.[45] Its time as an Atlantic system is excluded.

All of these systems except Trudy, Olaf, and Connie existed in both the east and central Pacific, and all except Olaf were hurricanes. Hurricane Trudy of 1990 is thus the longest lived eastern Pacific hurricane to stay in the eastern Pacific. Tropical Storm Olaf of 1997 is hence the longest-lived eastern Pacific tropical cyclone not to reach hurricane intensity.[35]

No known tropical cyclone forming in the central north Pacific lasted for longer than 14 days without crossing into another basin.[35] The tropical cyclone forming in the central Pacific that spent the most time there was 2014's Hurricane Ana at 12.75 days from formation to extratropical transition.[47][48]

Duration (days) Name Season
24.50 Tina 1992
20.00 Fico 1978
19.00 John 1994
17.50 Kevin 1991
16.75 Trudy 1990
16.50 Guillermo 1997
16.50 Olaf 1997
16.25 Kenneth 2005
16.25 Celeste 1972
16.25 Doreen 1973
16.00 Daniel 1982
15.25 Connie 1974
14.75 Jimena 2015
14.25 Darby 2016
14.00 Marie 1990
14.00 Greg 1993
14.00 Dora 1999

Before the weather satellite era began, the lifespans of many Pacific hurricanes may be underestimated.[32]

Crossover storms

From Atlantic to Eastern Pacific

Tracks of Atlantic-Pacific crossovers on both directions

This includes only systems which stayed a tropical cyclone during the passage or that maintained a circulation during the crossover.

Season Storm (Atlantic) Storm (Pacific) Ref.
1876 Unnamed Unnamed [46]
1911 Unnamed Unnumbered tropical depression [46]
1971 Irene Olivia [49]
1974 Fifi Orlene [46]
1977 Anita Eleven-E [50]
1978 Greta Olivia [51]
1988 Debby Seventeen-E [52][53]
1988 Joan Miriam [54]
1990 Diana Unnumbered tropical depression [55]
1993 Gert Fourteen-E [56]
1996 Cesar Douglas [57]
2016 [58]

It used to be that when a Pacific named storm crossed North America and made it to the Atlantic (or vice versa), it would receive the next name on the respective basin's list. This policy has since been changed to a tropical cyclone keeping its name if it remains a tropical cyclone during the entire passage. Only if it dissipates and then re-forms does it get renamed.[59]

From Eastern Pacific to Atlantic

This includes only systems which stayed a tropical cyclone during the passage or that maintained a circulation during the crossover.

Season Storm (Pacific) Storm (Atlantic) Ref.
1842 Unnamed Unnamed [60]
1902 Unnumbered tropical depression Unnamed [61]
1923 Unnamed Unnamed [62]
1949 Unnumbered tropical storm Unnamed [45]
1965 Unnumbered tropical depression Unnamed [63]
2010 Eleven-E Hermine [64]

In addition to those, there are apparently two additional ones. One existed before 1856 and made it to the Gulf of Mexico.[65] Another Pacific tropical cyclone crossed over central Mexico and also made it to the Gulf sometime after September 9, 1924.[65]

From Eastern Pacific to Western Pacific

2014's Hurricane Genevieve existed in all three north Pacific tropical cyclone basins

Neither eastern Pacific tropical cyclones passing 140°W, nor central Pacific tropical cyclones crossing the dateline, are notable events. However, very few eastern Pacific proper cyclones that enter the central Pacific make it to the dateline.

Name Season Ref.
Georgette† 1986 [66]
Li‡ 1994 [67]
John 1994 [68]
Dora 1999 [69]
Genevieve 2014 [70]

† System ceased to be a tropical cyclone before crossing the dateline and subsequently reforming.

‡ Hurricane/Typhoon Li formed in the eastern Pacific, right at the boundary with the central, but was not named until it crossed into the central Pacific.

In addition, hurricanes Enrique of 1991 and Jimena of 2003 are recognized per NHC, CPHC and JTWC as storms that existed in all three areas of responsibility, but aren't recognized by the JMA as official western Pacific tropical cyclones.[71][72][73][74]

From Western Pacific to Central Pacific

1994's Hurricane John crossed the dateline twice, from the central to the western Pacific and back

Tropical cyclones crossing from the western Pacific to the central Pacific are fairly rare, and this has happened only seven times before. Of those seven times, five of them were storms which crossed the dateline twice; from the western to the central pacific and back (or vice versa). No tropical cyclone from the western Pacific has ever made it past 140°W.

Name Season Ref.
Patsy† 1959 [75]
Virginia 1968 [76]
Carmen† 1980 [42][77]
Skip† 1985 [78]
John†* 1994 [67]
Seventeen-W† 1996 [79]
Omeka 2010 [80]

† System crossed the dateline twice.

* Hurricane/Typhoon John formed in the eastern Pacific.

In addition, Typhoon June of 1958 and Tropical Storm Wene of 2000 are recognized per CPHC as basin-crosser storms, but aren't recognized as such by the JMA.[81][82] Also, Tropical Storm Moke of 1984 isn't recognized as official western Pacific tropical cyclones by either the JMA or the JTWC.[73][74]

From Central Pacific to Eastern Pacific

2015's Hurricane Olaf crossed 140°W twice, from the eastern to the central Pacific and back

Tropical cyclones crossing from the eastern Pacific to the central Pacific are routine; ones going the other way are not. That event has happened thrice.

Name Season Ref.
Ema 1982 [35]
Olafdagger 2015 [83]
Ulikadagger 2016 [84]

dagger System crossed 140°W more than once.

It was previously believed that an Unnamed Hurricane of 1975 crossed 140°W and is still included in the NHC as such, but according to a reanalysis made by the CPHC the storm became extratropical before doing so.[35][73] In addition, an unofficial cyclone formed on October 30, 2006 in the central Pacific subtropics. It eventually developed an eye-like structure.[85] Its track data indicates that it crossed from the central to the east Pacific because it formed at longitude 149°W and dissipated at 135°W.[86] NASA, which is not a meteorological organization, called this system a subtropical cyclone, and the Naval Research Laboratory Monterey had enough interest in it to call it 91C.[85] The system has also been called extratropical.[87] This cyclone is unofficial because it is not included in the seasonal reports of either Regional Specialized Meteorological Center.[88][89]

Intensity records

Ten most intense

Hurricane Patricia, the most intense Pacific hurricane on record

Per lowest central pressure

The apparent increase in recent seasons is spurious; it is due to better estimation and measurement, not an increase in intense storms. That is, until 1988, Pacific hurricanes generally did not have their central pressures measured or estimated from satellite imagery.

Hurricane Year Pressure
Patricia 2015 872 mbardouble-dagger
Linda 1997 902 mbar*
Rick 2009 906 mbar*
Kenna 2002 913 mbardouble-dagger
Ava 1973 915 mbardagger
Ioke 2006 915 mbar*
Marie 2014 918 mbar*
Odile 918 mbardouble-dagger
Guillermo 1997 919 mbar*
Gilma 1994 920 mbar*

* Estimated from satellite imagery

double-dagger Measured and adjusted

dagger Measured

~ Pressure while East of the International Dateline

Per highest sustained winds

Hurricane Year Winds
Patricia 2015 215 mph; 345 km/h
Linda 1997 185 mph; 295 km/h
Rick 2009 180 mph; 285 km/h
Patsy 1959 175 mph; 280 km/h
John 1994 175 mph; 280 km/h
Kenna 2002 165 mph; 270 km/h

Strongest landfalls

Hurricane Kenna of 2002 is the third strongest landfalling Pacific hurricane on record
Landfalling Pacific major hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by wind speed
Hurricane Season Landfall winds Ref.
Patricia 2015 150 mph (240 km/h) [90]
Madeline 1976 145 mph (230 km/h) [91]
Iniki 1992 145 mph (230 km/h) [44]
Unnamed 1957 140 mph (220 km/h) [92]
“Mexico” 1959 140 mph (220 km/h) [92]
Kenna 2002 140 mph (220 km/h) [93]
Olivia 1967 125 mph (205 km/h) [92]
Tico 1983 125 mph (205 km/h) [94]
Lane 2006 125 mph (205 km/h) [95]
Odile 2014 125 mph (205 km/h) [96]
Kiko 1989 120 mph (195 km/h) [97]
Olivia 1975 115 mph (185 km/h) [98]
Liza 1976 115 mph (185 km/h) [91]

Strongest storm in each month

Intensity is measured solely by central pressure unless the pressure is not known, in which case intensity is measured by maximum sustained winds.

Month Name Year Minimum pressure Maximum winds Classification
January Pali 2016 977 mb (hPa) 100 mph (155 km/h) Category 2
February Ekekadagger 1992 unknown mb (hPa) 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3
March Halidagger 1992 unknown mb (hPa) 50 mph (85 km/h) Tropical storm
April Carmendagger 1980 unknown mb (hPa)[42] 50 mph (85 km/h) Tropical storm
May Amanda 2014 932 mb (hPa) 155 mph (250 km/h) Category 4
June Ava 1973 915 mb (hPa) 160 mph (260 km/h) Category 5
July Gilma 1994 920 mb (hPa) 160 mph (260 km/h) Category 5
August Ioke 2006 915 mb (hPa) 160 mph (260 km/h) Category 5
September Linda 1997 902 mb (hPa) 185 mph (295 km/h) Category 5
October Patricia 2015 872 mb (hPa) 215 mph (345 km/h) Category 5
November Sandra 2015 934 mb (hPa) 150 mph (240 km/h) Category 4
December Omeka 2010 997 mb (hPa) 60 mph (95 km/h) Tropical storm

dagger This tropical cyclone is the strongest to form in its month by virtue of its being the only known system.

Unusual landfall locations

California

Hawaii

Hurricane Iniki over Hawaii

Wettest tropical cyclones

All of these values are point maxima.

Mexico

Rainfall data from 2001's Hurricane Juliette
Wettest Pacific tropical cyclones and their remnants in Mexico
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1011 39.80 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago [110]
2 686.0 27.01 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan [111]
3 628.1 24.73 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco [112]
4 610.1 24.02 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago [113]
5 570.0 22.44 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca [114]
6 566.9 22.32 Greg 1999 Tecoman [115]
7 531.9 20.94 Nora 1997 La Cruz/Elota [116]
8 525.3 20.68 Eugene 1987 Aquila [117]
9 523.0 20.59 Lidia 1981 El Varonjal/Badiraguato [118]
10 500.1 19.69 Ignacio 2003 Yeneca/Los Cabos [119]

Hawaii

Tropical Storm Paul
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Hawaii
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1321 52.00 Able-Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station [38]
2 985 38.76 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch 36 [120]
3 635 25.00 Maggie 1970 Various stations [121]
4 519 20.42 Nina 1957 Wainiha [122]
5 516 20.33 Iwa 1982 Intake Wainiha 1086 [123]
6 476 18.75 Fabio 1988 Papaikou Mauka 140.1 [123]
7 387 15.25 Iselle 2014 Kulani NWR [124]
8 381 15.00 TD 01C, 1994 Waiakea Uka, Piihonua [67]
9 372 14.63 Felicia 2009 Oahu Forecast National Wildlife Refuge [125]
10 323 12.70 Makawao 1906 Makawao, Maui [38]

Continental United States

Hurricane Tico near landfall
Wettest Pacific tropical cyclones and their remnants on the continental United States
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 533.7 21.01 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas [126]
2 430.5 16.95 Tico 1983 Chickasha, Oklahoma [127]
3 374.9 14.76 Kathleen 1976 San Gorgonio, California [128]
4 350.5 13.80 Roslyn 1986 Matagorda Texas #2 [129]
5 305.1 12.01 Nora 1997 Harquahala Mountains [116]
6 304.8 12.00 Octave 1983 Mount Graham [130]
7 302.8 11.92 Norma 1970 Workman Creek [131]
8 294.6 11.60 Unnamed 1939 Mount Wilson [132]
9 288.3 11.35 Paine 1986 Fort Scott, Kansas [133]
10 216.7 8.53 Ismael 1995 Hobbs, New Mexico [134]

Overall

Hurricane Juliette
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants within the Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone basin
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 1321 52.00 Hiki 1950 Kanalohuluhulu Ranger Station, Hawaii [38]
2 1011 39.80 Juliette 2001 Cuadano/Santiago, Mexico [110]
3 984.5 38.76 Paul 2000 Kapapala Ranch, Hawaii [120]
4 686.0 27.01 Pauline 1997 San Luis Acatlan, Mexico [111]
5 635.0 25.00 Maggie 1970 Hawaii [121]
6 628.1 24.73 Odile 1984 Costa Azul/Acapulco, Mexico [112]
7 610.1 24.02 Isis 1998 Caduano/Santiago, Mexico [113]
8 570.0 22.44 Flossie 2001 Suchixtlahuaca, Mexico [114]
9 566.9 22.32 Greg 1999 Tecoman, Mexico [115]
10 533.7 21.01 Norma 1981 Breckenridge, Texas, USA [126]

Worldwide cyclone records set by Pacific storms

See also

References

  1. ↑ "WMO Technical Document". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (DOC/HTML) on May 29, 2005.
  2. ↑ "'Isis' among names removed from UN list of hurricane names". Reuters. April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  3. ↑ Christopher Landsea & Michael Chenoweth (November 2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. pp. 1689–98. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  4. ↑ Jack Williams (2005-05-17). "Background: California's Tropical Storms". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  5. ↑ Hurd, Willis (September 1941). "Weather on the North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
  6. 1 2 R. G. Handlers & S. Brand (June 2001). "Tropical Cyclones Affecting Mazatlan". NRL Monterrey. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  7. ↑ "Atlantic and Pacific Records during the modern recorded era" (PDF). Hurricane.com. October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  8. ↑ E. Jáuregui (2003). "Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico" (PDF). Atmósfera. p. 200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  9. ↑ Natural Hazards of North America. Supplement to National Geographic magazine (Map). National Geographic Society. April 1998.
  10. ↑ "More Flood Victims found". The Spokesman-Review. September 28, 1982. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  11. ↑ "More flood victims found". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 28, 1982. p. 12. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  12. ↑ "Mexico - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Nicaragua - Disaster Statistics". Prevention Web. 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  14. ↑ "24 killed from hurricane". The Hour. October 1, 1982. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Mexico gives up to try and find storm victims". Bangor Daily News. United Press International. October 6, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Hurricane Liza rips Mexico". Beaver County Times. United Press International. October 2, 1976. p. 18. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
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  18. ↑ "Nicaragua seeks aid as flood victims kill 108". The Montreal Gazette. May 28, 1982. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  19. ↑ "Canada Aids Victims". The Leader-Post. June 10, 1982. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
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  32. 1 2 3 4 5 Gary Padgett. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary August 2000". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  33. ↑ "Untitled". Atlantic Tropical Weather Center. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  34. ↑ "Climate of 2006 East Pacific Hurricane Season". National Climatic Data Center. 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2015". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  36. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". FAQ. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  37. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "Tropical Cyclones in the 1800s". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
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  40. ↑ Willis Hurd (February 1929). "Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. p. 48. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  41. ↑ Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900–1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
  42. 1 2 3 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1980 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-22). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  43. ↑ Schultz. "Tropical Storm Winona (01W)" (PDF). 1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 32–6. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  45. 1 2 3 Stephen Caparotta; D. Walston; Steven Young & Gary Padgett. "Subject E15: What tropical storms and hurricanes have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific or vice versa?". Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
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