List of mammals of North America

This is a list of North American mammals. It includes all mammals currently found in North America north of Mexico, whether resident or as migrants. A list of Mexican mammals can be found here. This article does not include species found only in captivity. Mammal species which became extinct in the last 10,000 to 13,000 years are also included in this article. Each species is listed, with its binomial name. Most established introduced species occurring across multiple states and provinces are also noted.

Some species are identified as indicated below:

Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:

EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild
CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable
NT - Near Threatened, LC - Least Concern
DD - Data Deficient, NE - Not Evaluated
(v. 2013.2, the data is current as of March 5, 2014[1])

and Endangered Species Act:

E - endangered, T - threatened
XN, XE - experimental non essential or essential population
E(S/A), T(S/A) - endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance
(selected only taxa found in the USA, the data is current as of March 28, 2014[2])

Didelphimorphia

Didelphidae

Cingulata

Dasypodidae

Chlamyphoridae

Pampatheriidae

Pilosa

Megalonychidae

Jefferson's ground sloth

Megatheriidae

Mylodontidae

Nothrotheriidae

Rodents

Aplodontiidae

Castoridae

North American beaver

Dipodidae

Erethizontidae

Caviidae

Geomyidae

There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Botta's pocket gopher

Heteromyidae

Ord's kangaroo rat

Sciuridae

Eastern gray squirrel
Black-tailed prairie dog
Woodchuck
Golden-mantled ground squirrel
Eastern chipmunk

Muroidea

There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of mice and voles should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.

Meadow vole
Muskrat
Deer mouse
Cactus mouse

Lagomorphs

Leporidae

Black-tailed jackrabbit

Ochotonidae

Eulipotyphla

Talpidae

Star-nosed mole

Soricidae

Short-tailed shrew
Cinerous shrew

Chiroptera

Vespertilionidae

Indiana bat
Mexican long-nosed bat

Molossidae

Antrozoidae

Mormoopidae

Phyllostomidae

Carnivora

Felidae

Jaguar

Canidae

Gray wolf

Ursidae

Procyonidae

Mustelidae

River otter

Mephitidae

Otariidae

Odobenidae

Phocidae

Harbor seal

Perissodactyla

Equidae

Tapiridae

Artiodactyla

Camelidae

Tayassuidae

Bovidae

American bison

Cervidae

Antilocapridae

Cetacea

Delphinidae (Oceanic dolphins)

Killer whales Orcinus orca
near Unimak Island,
eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Monodontidae

Phocoenidae

Kogiidae

Physeteridae

Ziphiidae (Beaked whales)

Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus

Eschrichtiidae

Balaenopteridae (Rorquals)

Balaenidae

Sirenia (Sea cows)

Manatee Trichechus manatus
Crystal River, Florida

Trichechidae

Dugongidae

Proboscidea

Physical reconstruction of a mammoth and a mastodon.

Elephantidae

Mammutidae

Introduced Animals

Myocastoridae

Muroidea

Leporidae

Cercopithecidae

Felidae

Herpestidae

Canidae

Mustelidae

Equidae

Suidae

Bovidae

Cervidae

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  2. ↑ Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Opossum D. marsupialis (merged Mexican D. marsupialis and D. virginiana).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  6. ↑ Texas pocket gopher Geomys personatus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] - as 2 distinct species: Texas Pocket Gopher G. personatus and Strecker's Pocket Gopher G. streckeri.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
  8. 1 2 Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] and IUCN Red List,[7] also probably North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] and Baker et al. 2003[3] - Dipodomys elephantinus merged with D. venustus as D. venustus elephantinus.
  9. ↑ Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  11. ↑ Mexican fox squirrel Sciurus nayaritensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
  12. 1 2 3 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  13. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - range not clear because described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  15. 1 2 Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus:
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus.
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - only M. mogollonensis.
    North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter.
    IUCN Red List[7] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis.[10][11]
    12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991[12]), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act.[2][12]
  16. ↑ Northern collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 3 distinct species: Peary Land collared lemming D. groenlandicus, Bering collared lemming D. rubricatus and Victoria collared lemming D. kilangmiutak
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul.
  17. ↑ Nelson's collared lemming Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as 2 distinct species: Nelson's collared lemming D. nelsoni and St. Lawrence Island collared lemming D. exsul.
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  19. ↑ Northern rock mouse Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of rock mouse Peromyscus difficilis that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
  20. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  22. 1 2 3 Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  23. ↑ Long-tailed shrew Sorex dispar: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] - as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
  24. ↑ North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  25. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] IUCN Red List.[7]
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] IUCN Red List.[7]
  27. ↑ Southwestern myotis Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis M. evotis as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
  28. 1 2 North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  29. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  30. ↑ Velvety free-tailed bat: Baker et al. 2003,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae.
  31. ↑ Prinstine mustached bat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - possibly Florida.
    Extinct at the end of Pleistocene - in the USA found in Rancholabrean cave deposits in southern Florida (Monkey Jungle Hammock).[16]
  32. ↑ Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Baker et al. 2003[3] - as southern long-nosed bat L. curasoae (L. yerbabuenae was included[17] in L. curasoae as a subspecies[18]).
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym[17] L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
  33. ↑ Margay: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[6]
    Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] last record in Texas from 1852.[4]
  34. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] IUCN Red List.[7]
  35. ↑ Red fox Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
  36. ↑ Brown bear Ursus arctos: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear U. horribilis and Kodiak bear U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
  37. ↑ Wolverine Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
  38. ↑ Least weasel Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
  39. ↑ American hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
  40. ↑ Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi, formerly A. townsendi.
  41. 1 2 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  42. ↑ Elk Cervus canadensis: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (species list from the database).
    Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI[5] (Field Guide), Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - as "worldwide" C. elaphus (not North American C. canadensis.)
  43. ↑ Caribou Rangifer tarandus: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou R. caribou, barren-ground caribou R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
  44. ↑ Moose Alces alces: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
    North American Mammals NMNH SI,[5] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List[7] - as North American A. americanus (distinct from Eurasian Elk A. alces).
  45. ↑ Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  46. ↑ Pygmy beaked whale: Kays & Wilson 2002:[4] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI:[22] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
  47. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
  48. 1 2 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002.[4]
  49. ↑ Polynesian rat[25][26]
  50. ↑ House mouse: Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] IUCN Red List.[7]
    Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - only general range description.
  51. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[8] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  52. ↑ European rabbit: Baker et al. 2003.[3]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - range not clear (islands on Pacific Coast).
    Introduced to Hawaii.[27]
  53. ↑ Feral cat: Baker et al. 2003[3] - feral cat Felis catus, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - Wildcat F. silvestris.
  54. ↑ Baker et al. 2003[3] - Feral dog Canis familiaris, Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - packs of feral domestic dogs C. familiaris.
  55. ↑ Baker et al. 2003[3] - Feral horse Equus caballus, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - Horse Equus ferus - feral.
  56. ↑ Baker et al. 2003,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[6]
  57. ↑ Sus scrofa: Baker et al. 2003[3] - feral pig or wild boar, Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[8] - wild boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002[4] - wild boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List[7] - wild boar - introduced.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baker et al. 2003,[3] Kays & Wilson 2002,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[6] IUCN Red List.[7]
  59. ↑ Nilgai - semi-free-ranging[43]/free-ranging.[44]
  60. ↑ Feral cattle: Baker et al. 2003[3] - domestic cattle Bos taurus, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - aurochs B. taurus - feral populations.
    For example feral cattle in Hawaii.[45][46]
  61. ↑ Gemsbok - free ranging.[47][48]
  62. ↑ Blackbuck - free ranging.[43][44][48][49]
  63. ↑ Barbary sheep - free ranging.[43][44]
  64. ↑ Feral goat: Baker et al. 2003[3] - goat Capra hircus, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - goat C. hircus - feral populations (USA).
    Goat - free-ranging, Hawaii.[50]
  65. ↑ Bezoar ibex - free-ranging: Florida Mountains near Deming New Mexico.[48]
  66. ↑ Mouflon: Baker et al. 2003[3] - European mouflon sheep Ovis aries, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[6] - red sheep Ovis aries - mouflon introduced, improved domestic stock feral.
    Feral sheep - free-ranging - Hawaii[50] and Texas.[51]
  67. ↑ Red deer elaphus division (not canadensis division) - introduced i.e. to USA.[6]
  68. ↑ Chital - free-ranging.[43]
  69. ↑ Sambar - free ranging.[44]

References

  1. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice & Clyde Jones (1 December 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University (229). ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved 9 March 2014. External link in |journal= (help)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "North American Mammals". Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 April 2014. This site is based on The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, by Don E. Wilson and Sue Ruff (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999) and Mammals of North America, by Roland W. Kays and Don E. Wilson (Princeton University Press, 2002). Downloaded on 25 March 2014
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 "Search Results: Mammalia North America 2014-03-29". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. IUCN. 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Search terms Search by taxonomy: MAMMALIA, Search by location: North America, (Native, Introduced, Vagrant, Uncertain), Refinements : [X] Show regional assessments:, Taxa to show: Species, Subspecies and varieties, Stocks and subpopulation. Downloaded on 29 March 2014 External link in |website= (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Burt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene (Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology). Springer Science + Business Media B. V. ISBN 978-1402087929. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  10. ↑ Álvarez-Casta?eda, S.T. & Reid, F. (2008). "Microtus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  11. ↑ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Microtus (See comments.) mexicanus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  12. 1 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Turvey, Samuel T. (May 28, 2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199535095. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  14. ↑ Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William John (1998-06-28). Mammals of the Eastern United States (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801434754. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  15. ↑ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  16. ↑ Morgan, Gary S.; Emslie, Steven D. (2010). "Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida" (PDF). evier.com/locate/quaint Quaternary International. 217: 143–158. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.030. Retrieved 11 April 2014. External link in |journal= (help)
  17. 1 2 Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  18. ↑ Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Cuarón, A.D. & de Grammont, P.C. (2008). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  19. ↑ "WolfQuest. Eastern Timber Wolf (Canis lups lycaon)". Minnesota Zoo & Eduweb. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  20. ↑ Mech, L.D. (2010). "What is the taxonomic identity of Minnesota wolves?" (PDF). Can. J. Zool. NRC Research Press (88): 129–138. doi:10.1139/Z09-129. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  21. ↑ Hall, Stephen Austin (Aug 1972). "Holocene Bison occidentalis from Iowa". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 604–606. JSTOR 1379052. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  22. ↑ "Search the Division of Mammals Collections". Keywords: Mesoplodon peruvianus: STR 13453 Stranding, Skull, Salinas State Beach, Monterey Bay, California, 2001, STR 18334: Stranding, Photograph, Arcata, Humboldt County, California, 2012
  23. ↑ Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  24. ↑ Crossen, K. S. (2005). "5,700-Year-Old Mammoth Remains from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska: Last Outpost of North America Megafauna". Geological Society of America. 37: 463. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  25. ↑ Ruedas, L.; Heaney, L. & Molur, S. (2008). "Rattus exulans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  26. ↑ Williams, J. Morgan (1973). "The Ecology of Rattus exulans (Peale) Reviewed" (PDF). Pacific Science. University of Hawaii Press. 27 (2): 120–127. ISSN 0030-8870.
  27. ↑ Bloggs, Fred (2011). "The history of mammal eradications in Hawai`i and the United States associated islands of the Central Pacific". In Veitch, C. R; Clout, M. N; Towns, D. R. Island invasives: eradication and management. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 67–73.
  28. ↑ The State | Homepage
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  31. ↑ Wolfe, Linda, Cambridge University Press (2002). "Primates Face to Face": 320. ISBN 0-521-79109-X.
  32. ↑
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  34. 1 2 The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide To Mammals Of North America. Mobi Reference. MobileReference. 7/1/2010. ISBN 9781605012797. Retrieved 2 April 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ↑
  36. ↑
  37. ↑
  38. ↑
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  40. ↑
  41. ↑
  42. ↑
  43. 1 2 3 4 EXOTICS IN TEXAS by: Max Traweek and Roy Welch. April 1992. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Reproduced From PWD-BK-W7000-206 5/92
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bowers, Nora; Bowers, Rick; Kaufmann, Kenn (2004). Mammals of North America. Kaufman focus guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-15313-6. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
  45. ↑ "Domestic Cow - Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station". Mauna Kea Support Services / Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station. 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  46. ↑ "Introduction of Cattle - Hawaii History - The Paniolo". HawaiiHistory.org. 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  47. ↑ Whitford, Walter G. (April 2002). Ecology of Desert Systems (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780127472614. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  48. 1 2 3 Deal, Kevin (2010). Wildlife and Natural Resource Management (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4354-5401-4. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  49. ↑ "Blackbuck - North America Introduced". Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. 2007–2014. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  50. 1 2 Cox, George W. (1999). Alien Species in North America and Hawaii. Washington DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-679-3. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
  51. ↑ "European Mouflon - North America Introduced". Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. 2007–2014. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  52. ↑ Timmins, R.; Duckworth , J.W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B. & Maxwell, A. (2012). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

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