List of mammals of the United States

About 490 species of mammals are recorded in the United States. This list is probably incomplete. Unincorporated territories like for example Puerto Rico, Guam or Northern Mariana Islands are not covered. Mammals introduced and extinct in the Holocene except Pleistocene/Holocene boundary are included.

According to the IUCN Red List 3 of these species are critically endangered, 20 endangered, 15 vulnerable, 20 near threatened and 4 extinct.[1]

Some species are identified as indicated below:

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN:

EX Extinction No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range.
CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild.
EN Endangered The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT Near threatened The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorize it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future.
LC Least concern There are no current identifiable risks to the species.
DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species.

(v. 2013.2, the data are current as of March 5, 2014[1])

and the Endangered Species Act:

E Endangered
T Threatened
XN, XE eXperimental Nonessential or Essential population
E(S/A), T(S/A) Endangered or Threatened due to Similarity of Appearance

(the data are current as of March 28, 2014[2])

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Metatheria

Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums)

Virginia opossum

Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene.They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.

Infraclass: Eutheria

Order: Cingulata (armadillos)

Nine-banded armadillo

The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. They are native to the Americas. There are around 20 extant species. Only the nine-banded armadillo is found in the United States.

Order: Rodentia (rodents)

American beaver
Eastern gray squirrel
Fox squirrel
American red squirrel
Southern flying squirrel
White-tailed antelope squirrel
Black-tailed prairie dog
Yellow-bellied marmot
Round-tailed ground squirrel
Richardson's ground squirrel
Eastern chipmunk
Least chipmunk
Northern pocket gopher
Ord's kangaroo rat
Singing vole
White-footed mouse
Hispid cotton rat

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).

Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

American pika
Pygmy rabbit
Desert cottontail
Snowshoe hare

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.

Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

Marsh shrew
Smoky shrew
American water shrew

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers.

Order: Chiroptera (bats)

Eastern small-footed bat
Townsend's big-eared bat
Western mastiff bat
Pocketed free-tailed bat
Mexican free-tailed bat
Ghost-faced bat
California leaf-nosed bat

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

Coyote
Gray fox
American black bear
Grizzly bear
Ring-tailed cat
Raccoon
Stoat
American badger
California sea lion
Walrus
Hawaiian monk seal
Striped skunk

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Rocky Mountain elk
White-tailed deer
Pronghorn
Plains bison
Bighorn sheep

The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.

Order: Proboscidea (elephants and allies)

Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)

West Indian manatee

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands.

Order: Cetacea (whales)

Bowhead whale
North Atlantic right whale
Fin whale
Humpback whale
Gray whale
Pygmy sperm whale
Dall's porpoise
Sperm whale
Common bottlenose dolphin
Striped dolphin
White-beaked dolphin
Killer whale

The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.

Introduced animals

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
    Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  2. ↑ Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as opossum D. marsupialis (merged Mexican D. marsupialis and D. virginiana).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  4. ↑ Mexican fox squirrel Sciurus nayaritensis: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
  6. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - range not clear because described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with another species.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
  9. 1 2 Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] and IUCN Red List,[6] also probably North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - Dipodomys elephantinus merged with D. venustus as D. venustus elephantinus.
  10. 1 2 3 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002.[3]
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  12. ↑ Northern collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul.
  13. ↑ Nelson's collared lemming Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
  16. 1 2 Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus:
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List[6] - M. mexicanus.
    Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - only M. mogollonensis.
    North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter.
    IUCN Red List[6] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis.[8][9]
    12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991[10]), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act.[2][10]
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
  18. ↑ Northern rock mouse Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of Zacatecan deer mouse Peromyscus difficilis that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
  19. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
  20. ↑ Long-tailed Shrew Sorex dispar: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
  21. ↑ Southwestern myotis Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis M. evotis as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
  22. 1 2 3 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
  24. ↑ Velvety Free-tailed Bat: North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae.
  25. ↑ Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym[13] L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
  26. ↑ Margay: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[5]
    Kays & Wilson 2002:[3] last record in Texas from 1852.[3]
  27. ↑ Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[5]
  28. ↑ Red Fox Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
  29. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] IUCN Red List.[6]
  30. ↑ Brown Bear Ursus arctos: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear U. horribilis and Kodiak bear U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
  31. ↑ Least weasel Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
  32. ↑ Wolverine Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
  33. ↑ Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi, formerly A. townsendi.
  34. ↑ Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  35. 1 2 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  36. ↑ American hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
  37. ↑ Elk Cervus canadensis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] (species list from the database).
    Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] (Field Guide), Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List[6] - as "worldwide" C. elaphus (not North American C. canadensis).
  38. ↑ Moose Alces alces: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002.[3]
    North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List[6] - as North American A. americanus (distinct from Eurasian elk A. alces).
  39. ↑ Caribou Rangifer tarandus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou R. caribou, barren-ground caribou R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
  40. 1 2 3 Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - only general range description.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6]
  42. ↑ Pygmy Beaked Whale: Kays & Wilson 2002:[3] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI:[18] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
  43. ↑ Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6]
  44. ↑ House Mouse: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6]
    Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - only general range description.
  45. ↑ Polynesian rat[20][21]
  46. ↑ European Rabbit: & Wilson 2002[3] - range not clear (islands on Pacific Coast).
    Introduced to Hawaii.[22]
  47. ↑ Feral Cat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Wildcat Felis silvestris (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - Feral cat F. catus.
  48. ↑ Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - packs of feral domestic dogs Canis familiaris (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - Feral dog C. familiaris.
  49. ↑ Sus scrofa: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - Wild Boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - Wild Boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List[6] - Wild boar - introduced (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - feral pig or wild boar.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
  51. ↑ Chital - free-ranging.[26]
  52. ↑ Sambar - free ranging.[25]
  53. ↑ Red deer elaphus division (not canadensis division) - introduced i.e. to USA.[5]
  54. ↑ Nilgai - semi-free-ranging[26]/free-ranging.[25]
  55. ↑ Feral Cattle: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Aurochs Bos taurus - feral populations (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - domestic cattle Bos taurus.
    For example feral cattle in Hawaii.[28][29]
  56. ↑ Gemsbok - free ranging.[30][31]
  57. ↑ Blackbuck - free ranging.[25][26][31][32]
  58. ↑ Bezoar ibex - free-ranging: Florida Mountains near Deming New Mexico.[31]
  59. ↑ Mouflon: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Red sheep Ovis aries - Mouflon introduced, improved domestic stock feral (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - European mouflon sheep Ovis aries.
    Feral sheep - free-ranging - Hawaii[33] and Texas.[34]
  60. ↑ Barbary Sheep - free ranging.[25][26]
  61. ↑ Feral Goat: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - goat C. hircus - feral populations (USA), Baker et al. 2003[24](North America north of Mexico) - goat Capra hircus.
    Goat - free-ranging, Hawaii.[33]
  62. ↑ Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Horse Equus ferus - feral in USA (incl. Hawaiian Isls), Baker et al. 2003[24] (North America north of Mexico) - feral horse Equus caballus.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "North American Mammals". Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved April 1, 2014. This site is based on The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, by Don E. Wilson and Sue Ruff (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999) and Mammals of North America, by Roland W. Kays and Don E. Wilson (Princeton University Press, 2002). Downloaded on March 25, 2014
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 "Search Results: Mammalia USA 2014-03-29". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. IUCN. 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014. Search terms Search by taxonomy: MAMMALIA, Search by location: United States, (Native, Introduced, Vagrant, Uncertain), Refinements : [X] Show regional assessments:, Taxa to show: Species, Subspecies and varieties, Stocks and subpopulation). Downloaded on 29 March 2014 External link in |website= (help)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Burt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
  8. ↑ Álvarez-Casta?eda, S.T. & Reid, F. (2008). "Microtus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  9. ↑ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Microtus (See comments.) mexicanus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  10. 1 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  11. ↑ Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William John (June 28, 1998). Mammals of the Eastern United States (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801434754. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  12. ↑ Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  13. ↑ Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  14. ↑ "WolfQuest. Eastern Timber Wolf (Canis lups lycaon)". Minnesota Zoo & Eduweb. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  15. ↑ Mech, L.D. (2010). "What is the taxonomic identity of Minnesota wolves?" (PDF). Can. J. Zool. NRC Research Press (88): 129–138. doi:10.1139/Z09-129. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  16. ↑ Hall, Stephen Austin (Aug 1972). "Holocene Bison occidentalis from Iowa". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 604–606. JSTOR 1379052. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  17. ↑ Crossen, K. S. (2005). "5,700-Year-Old Mammoth Remains from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska: Last Outpost of North America Megafauna". Geological Society of America. 37: 463. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Search the Division of Mammals Collections". Keywords: Mesoplodon peruvianus: STR 13453 Stranding, Skull, Salinas State Beach, Monterey Bay, California, 2001, STR 18334: Stranding, Photograph, Arcata, Humboldt County, California, 2012
  19. ↑ Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  20. ↑ Ruedas, L.; Heaney, L. & Molur, S. (2008). "Rattus exulans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  21. ↑ Williams, J. Morgan (1973). "The Ecology of Rattus exulans (Peale) Reviewed" (PDF). Pacific Science. University of Hawaii Press. 27 (2): 120–127. ISSN 0030-8870.
  22. ↑ Bloggs, Fred (2011). "The history of mammal eradications in Hawai`i and the United States associated islands of the Central Pacific". In Veitch, C. R; Clout, M. N; Towns, D. R. Island invasives: eradication and management. (PDF). Study authors S. C. Hess and J. D. Jacobi. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 67–73. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  23. 1 2 The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide To Mammals Of North America. Mobi Reference. MobileReference. January 7, 2010. ISBN 9781605012797. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice & Clyde Jones (December 1, 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers. Museum of Texas Tech University (229). ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved March 9, 2014. External link in |journal= (help)
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bowers, Nora; Bowers, Rick; Kaufmann, Kenn (2004). Mammals of North America. Kaufman focus guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-15313-6. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 EXOTICS IN TEXAS by: Max Traweek and Roy Welch. April 1992. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Reproduced From PWD-BK-W7000-206 5/92
  27. ↑ Timmins, R.; Duckworth , J.W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B. & Maxwell, A. (2012). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Domestic Cow - Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station". Mauna Kea Support Services / Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station. 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Introduction of Cattle - Hawaii History - The Paniolo". HawaiiHistory.org. 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  30. ↑ Whitford, Walter G. (April 2002). Ecology of Desert Systems (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780127472614. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  31. 1 2 3 Deal, Kevin (2010). Wildlife and Natural Resource Management (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4354-5401-4. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Blackbuck - North America Introduced". Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. 2007–2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
  33. 1 2 Cox, George W. (1999). Alien Species in North America and Hawaii. Washington DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-679-3. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  34. ↑ "European Mouflon - North America Introduced". Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. 2007–2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.

Further reading

External links

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