Soo Locks

St. Marys Falls Canal
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Michigan State Historic Site
Aerial view of the Soo Locks. View is to the east, with Canada on the left and the United States on the right
Show map of Michigan Show map of the US
Location	Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Coordinates	46°30′02″N 84°21′40″W / 46.50056°N 84.36111°W / 46.50056; -84.36111Coordinates: 46°30′02″N 84°21′40″W / 46.50056°N 84.36111°W / 46.50056; -84.36111
Built	1837
Architect	Corps of Engineers
NRHP Reference #	66000394[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 13, 1966
Designated NHL	November 13, 1966[2]
Designated MSHS	February 12, 1959[3]

The Soo Locks (sometimes spelled Sault Locks, but pronounced "soo") are a set of parallel locks which enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes. They are located on the St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, between the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. They bypass the rapids of the river, where the water falls 21 feet (7 m).

The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per year,^[4] despite being closed during the winter from January through March, when ice shuts down shipping on the Great Lakes. The winter closure period is used to inspect and maintain the locks.

The locks share a name (usually shortened and anglicized as Soo) with the two cities named Sault Ste. Marie, in Ontario and in Michigan, located on either side of the St. Marys River. The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge between the United States and Canada permits vehicular traffic to pass over the locks. A railroad bridge crosses the St. Marys River just upstream of the highway bridge.

United States locks

The U.S. locks form part of a 1.6 miles (2.6 km) canal formally named the St. Marys Falls Canal. The entire canal, including the locks, is owned and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, which provides free passage. The first iteration of the U.S. Soo Locks was completed in May 1855; it was operated by the State of Michigan until transferred to the U.S. Army in 1881.

The current configuration consists of four parallel lock chambers, each running east to west; starting at the Michigan shoreline and moving north toward Ontario, these are:

• The MacArthur Lock, built in 1943. It is 800 feet (240 m) long, 80 feet (24 m) wide, and 29.5 feet (9.0 m) deep.^[5] This is large enough to handle ocean-going vessels ("salties") that must also pass through the smaller locks in the Welland Canal. The first vessel through was the SS Carl D. Bradley.
• The Poe Lock was originally completed on August 3, 1896. The first vessel to pass through was the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tug U.S.S. Hancock.^[6] The original Poe Lock was engineered by Orlando Poe and, at 800 feet (240 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide, was the largest in the world when completed in 1896.^[7] The lock was re-built in 1968 to accommodate larger ships, after the Saint Lawrence Seaway opened. It is now 1,200 feet (370 m) long, 110 feet (34 m) wide, and 32 feet (9.8 m) deep.^[5] It can take ships carrying 72,000 short tons (65,000 t) of cargo. The Poe is the only lock that can handle the large lake freighters used on the upper lakes. The first passage after the rebuild was by the Phillip R. Clarke in 1969.^[7]
• The Davis Lock, built in 1914. It is 1,350 feet (410 m) long, 80 feet (24 m) wide, and 23.1 feet (7.0 m) deep.^[5] This lock is used less frequently (only 5 commercial/private and 34 government vessel passages, on 14 days in October 2008^[8]) to lock light freighters, tour boats, and small craft when traffic warrants. The SS James A Farrell was the first vessel to lock through.
• The Sabin Lock, built in 1919. It is 1,350 feet (410 m) long, 80 feet (24 m) wide, and 23.1 feet (7.0 m) deep.^[5] This lock has been placed in caretaker status and is no longer used. To get the Sabin lock up and running again would cost roughly 5 million dollars.

The Davis and Sabin locks have been slated for replacement since 1986 with a new 'Super-Lock', which would provide a second lock capable of accommodating the "lakers".^[5] Groundbreaking for the new lock project was held on June 30, 2009, although the bulk of the funding necessary to complete the project has not yet been appropriated by Congress.^[9] This construction will further limit usage of the Davis Lock.

North of the Sabin Lock is an additional channel with a small hydroelectric plant, which provides electricity for the lock complex.

MacArthur Lock, facing north

Engineers Day

On the last Friday of every June, the public is allowed to go behind the security fence and cross the lock gates of the U.S. Soo Locks for the annual Engineers Day Open House.^[10][11] During this event, visitors are able to get close enough to touch ships passing through the two regularly operating locks.

Canadian lock

A single small lock is currently operated on the Canadian side of the Soo. Opened in 1998, it was built within a damaged older lock, and is 77 meters (253 ft) long, 15.4 meters (51 ft) wide and 13.5 meters (44 ft) deep.^[12] The Canadian lock is used for recreational and tour boats; major shipping traffic uses the U.S. locks.

Gallery

• 
  The first Soo Locks in the 19th century
• 
  A whaleback traverses the Poe Lock, ca. 1910
• 
  Canadian Lock at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
• 
  The last ship of the 2013 season passes through the Poe Lock

References

33 CFR 207.440 33 CFR 207.441

Further reading

• Taylor, Paul (October 2009) Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer (Kent State University Press) ISBN 1-60635-040-4; ISBN 978-1-60635-040-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soo Locks.

• Aerial views
• Soo Locks homepage U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Soo Locks page
• Web Camera view of the American locks NOTE: This Connection is Untrusted
• Animation of how the Soo Locks work.
• YouTube video HD video of a ship passing through the MacArthur Lock

Great Lakes of North America
Main lakes	Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior
Secondary lakes	Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago
Bays and Waterways	Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste. Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent–Severn Waterway Welland Canal
Islands	Detroit River Michigan (state) (in Lake Huron, part of Isle Royale National Park) Ontario
Historic geology	Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation
Government	Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission
Related topics	Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake-effect snow Lake Michigan–Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes (US) Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties