List of consonants
This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.
IPA pulmonic consonantschart image •  audio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ | n̼̊ | n̼ | n̥ | n | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | |||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
| Sibilant affricate | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕ | dʑ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-sibilant affricate | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v | tθ | dð | tθ̠ | dð̠ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡħ | ʡʕ | ʔh | |||||||
| Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̱ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ ʔ̞ | ||||
| Approximant | ʋ̥ | ʋ | ɹ̥ | ɹ | ɻ̊ | ɻ | j̊ | j | ɰ̊ | ɰ | ||||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ̼ | ɾ̥ | ɾ | ɽ̊ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̮ | |||||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r̼ | r̥ | r | ɽr̥ | ɽr | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | ||||||||||||||||
| Lateral affricate | tɬ | dɮ | ʈɭ̊˔ | cʎ̥˔ | kʟ̝̊ | ɡʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ | ɮ | ɭ̊˔ | ʎ̥˔ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l̼ | l̥ | l | ɭ̊ | ɭ | ʎ̥ | ʎ | ʟ̥ | ʟ | ʟ̠ | ||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | ɺ̼ | ɺ | ɭ̆ | ʎ̮ | ʟ̆ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-pulmonic consonants | |||||||||
| Simple clicks | ʘ | ʘ̬ | ʘ̃ | ǀ | ǀ̬ | ǀ̃ | ǃ | ǃ̬ | ǃ̃ |
| ǂ | ǂ̬ | ǂ̃ | ǁ | ǁ̬ | ǁ̃ | ǃ˞ | ǃ̬˞ | ǃ̃˞ | |
| Other clicks | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘˀ | ˀʘ̃ | ʘ͡q | ʘ͡qχ | ʘ͡qʼ | ʘ͡qχʼ | ¡ | ʞ |
| Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |||
| ɓ̥ | ɗ̥ | ᶑ̥ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | ||||
| Ejectives | pʼ | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ | ||
| fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
| tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | ʈʂʼ | tɕʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ | kxʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | qχʼ | |
| Co-articulated consonants | |||||
| Continuants | ʍ | w | ɥ̊ | ɥ | ɫ |
| Occlusives | k͡p | ɡ͡b | ŋ͡m | ɧ | |
| t͡p | d͡b | n͡m | q͡ʡ | ||
| — These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| — Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. |
| — Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive. |
Ordered by place of articulation
Labial consonants
(articulated by using the lips)
Bilabial consonants
- bilabial clicks [ʘ] etc.
- bilabial nasal [m] (man)
- bilabial ejective [pʼ]
- voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
- voiceless bilabial plosive [p] (spin)
- voiced bilabial plosive [b] (bed)
- voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
- voiced bilabial affricate [bβ]
- voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
- voiced bilabial fricative [β]
- bilabial approximant [β̞]
- bilabial trill [ʙ]
- bilabial percussive [ʬ]
Labiodental consonants
- labiodental approximant [ʋ]
- labiodental nasal [ɱ] (symphony)
- voiced labiodental fricative [v] (van)
- Voiced labiodental plosive
- Voiced labiodental affricate
- voiceless labiodental fricative [f] (fan)
- voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative [ɧ]
- Voiceless labiodental plosive
- Voiceless labiodental affricate
Bidental consonants
Coronal consonants
(articulated by using the tip of the tongue)
Dental consonants
- dental clicks [ǀ] etc.
- dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
- dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
- dental nasal [n̪]
- voiced dental fricative [ð] (this)
- voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪]
- voiced dental plosive [d̪]
- voiceless bidental fricative
- voiceless dental fricative [θ] (thing)
- voiceless dental plosive [t̪]
- bidental percussive [ʭ]
Alveolar consonants
- alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.
- alveolar approximant [ɹ] (red)
- alveolar ejective [tʼ]
- alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
- alveolar flap [ɾ]
- alveolar lateral approximant [l] (lead)
- alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- alveolar nasal [n] (none)
- alveolar trill [r]
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
- voiced alveolar fricative [z] (zoo)
- voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
- voiced alveolar plosive [d] (done)
- voiced alveolar affricate d͡z
- voiceless alveolar grooved fricative [s] (son)
- voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative [s̱]
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̱]
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
- voiceless alveolar plosive [t] (ton)
- voiceless alveolar affricate t͡s
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ]
- ejective alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬʼ]
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ]
Postalveolar consonants
- (post)alveolar clicks [ǃ] etc.
- voiced palato-alveolar affricate [dʒ] (jug)
- voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ] (vision)
- voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃ] (chip)
- voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ] (ship)
Palatalized postalveolar consonants
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͡ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͡ɕ]
Retroflex consonants
- retroflex clicks [ǃ˞] etc.
- retroflex approximant [ɻ]
- retroflex flap [ɽ]
- retroflex lateral flap []
- retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative []
- retroflex nasal [ɳ]
- voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]
- voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ]
- voiced retroflex affricate [ɖ͡ʐ]
- voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ]
- voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ]
- voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈ͡ʂ],
Dorsal consonants
(articulated with the middle of the tongue)
Palatal consonants
- palatal clicks [ǂ] etc.
- palatal approximant [j] (yes)
- palatal ejective [cʼ]
- palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative []
- palatal nasal [ɲ]
- voiced palatal fricative [ʝ]
- voiced palatal implosive [ʄ]
- voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
- voiceless palatal fricative [ç] (human, but not hum)
- voiceless palatal plosive [c]
- voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c͡]
- ejective palatal lateral affricate [c͡ʼ]
Labialized palatal consonants
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
Velar consonants
- velar approximant [ɰ]
- velar ejective [kʼ]
- velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- voiceless velar lateral fricative []
- voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
- voiced velar implosive [ɠ]
- voiced velar plosive [ɡ] (get)
- voiceless velar fricative [x]
- voiceless velar plosive [k] (kick, cat)
- ejective velar lateral affricate [k͡ʼ]
Labialized velar consonants
- voiced labialized velar approximant [w] (witch)
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] (which, in some dialects)
Labial–velar consonants
Uvular consonants
- uvular ejective [qʼ]
- uvular nasal [ɴ]
- uvular trill [ʀ]
- voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
- voiced uvular implosive [ʛ]
- voiced uvular plosive [ɢ]
- voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
- voiceless uvular plosive [q]
Laryngeal consonants
(articulated with the throat)
Pharyngeal consonants
- pharyngeal plosive [ʡ]
- voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
- voiced pharyngeal trill [ʢ]
- voiceless pharyngeal trill [ʜ]
Glottal consonants
- murmured glottal fricative or transition [ɦ] (ahead)
- voiceless glottal fricative or transition [h] (hat)
- glottal plosive [ʔ]
Ordered by manner of articulation
- Pulmonic consonants
Nasal (stop) consonants
- bilabial nasal [m]
- voiceless bilabial nasal [m̥]
- labiodental nasal [ɱ]
- dental nasal [n̪]
- alveolar nasal [n]
- voiceless alveolar nasal [n̥]
- retroflex nasal [ɳ ]
- voiceless retroflex nasal [ɳ̊ ]
- palatal nasal [ ɲ]
- voiceless palatal nasal [ ɲ̥]
- velar nasal [ŋ]
- voiceless velar nasal [ŋ̊]
- uvular nasal [ɴ]
Fricative consonants
- Sibilant fricatives
- voiceless alveolar sibilant [s]
- voiced alveolar sibilant [z]
- voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant [ ʃ ]
- voiced palato-alveolar sibilant [ʒ]
- voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) [ɕ]
- voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant [ʑ]
- voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ]
- voiced retroflex sibilant [ʐ ]
- Central non-sibilant fricatives
- voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
- voiced bilabial fricative [β]
- voiceless labiodental fricative [f]
- voiced labiodental fricative [v]
- voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
- voiceless dental fricative [θ]
- voiced dental fricative [ð]
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠]
- voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̝]
- voiceless palatal fricative [ç]
- voiced palatal fricative [ ʝ]
- voiceless velar fricative [x]
- voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
- voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
- voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
- voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) [ɧ]
- Lateral fricatives
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ɬ̢ ] ([ꞎ])
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥˔ ] ([ ])
- voiceless velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝̊] ([])
- voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]
- both fricatives and approximants
- Pseudo-fricatives
- voiceless glottal fricative [h]
- voiced glottal fricative (murmured) [ɦ]
Affricate consonants
- Sibilant affricates
- voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ]
- voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]
- voiceless alveolar affricate [ts]
- voiced alveolar affricate [dz]
- voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [ʨ]
- voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [dʑ]
- voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈʂ]
- voiced retroflex affricate [ɖʐ]
- Fricated alveolar clicks [ǃ͡s] (also voiced, nasalized, etc.)
- Non-sibilant affricates
- Voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
- Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate [pf]
- Voiceless labiodental affricate [p̪f]
- Voiced labiodental affricate [b̪v]
- Voiceless dental affricate [t̪θ]
- Voiced dental affricate [d̪ð]
- Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate [tɻ̝̊]
- Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate [dɻ̝]
- voiceless palatal affricate [cç]
- voiced palatal affricate [ɟʝ]
- Voiceless velar affricate [kx]
- Voiced velar affricate [ɡɣ]
- Voiceless uvular affricate [qχ]
- Voiced uvular affricate [ɢʁ]
- Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ]
- Lateral affricates
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [cʎ̥˔]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [ʈɬ̢]
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate [kʟ̝̊]
- Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]
Approximant consonants
- bilabial approximant [β̞]
- labiodental approximant [ʋ]
- dental approximant [ð̞]
- alveolar approximant [ɹ]
- alveolar lateral approximant [l]
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
- retroflex approximant [ɻ]
- retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
- palatal approximant [j]
- palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
- nasal palatal approximant [ȷ̃]
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
- velar approximant [ɰ]
- velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- labialized velar approximant (voiced) [w]
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ]
- nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
- uvular approximant [ʁ̞]
- pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞]
- epiglottal approximant [ʢ̞]
- voiced glottal approximant (murmured) [ɦ̞]
- voiceless glottal approximant [h̞]
- voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
Flap (tap) consonants
- bilabial flap [ⱱ̟]
- labiodental flap [q]
- alveolar flap [ɾ]
- alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- retroflex flap [ɽ]
- retroflex lateral flap [ ]
- palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯]
- velar flap [ɢ̆]
- velar lateral flap [ʟ̆]
- epiglottal flap [ʡ̯]
Trill consonants
- bilabial trill [ʙ]
- alveolar trill [r]
- alveolar fricative trill [r̝]
- retroflex trill
- uvular trill [ʀ]
- epiglottal trill
Lateral consonants
- Approximants
- Alveolar lateral approximant [l]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [k]
- Retroflex lateral approximant [m]
- Palatal lateral approximant [ꞎ]
- Velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
- Fricatives
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [l]
- Voiced alveolar lateral fricative [n]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative [ɬ̢]
- Voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥˔]
- Voiced velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative [ʟ̝̊]
- Affricates
- Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [tɬ]
- Voiced alveolar lateral affricate [dɮ]
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate [cʎ̥]
- Ejective palatal lateral affricate [cʎ̥ʼ]
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate [ʈɬ̢]
- Ejective retroflex lateral affricate [ʈɬ̢ʼ]
- Voiced velar lateral affricate [ɡʟ̝]
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate [kʟ̝̊]
- Ejective velar lateral affricate [kʟ̝̊ʼ]
- Flaps
- Alveolar lateral flap [z]
- Retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̢]
- Palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯]
- Ejective
- Clicks
Ejective consonants
- Plosives
- bilabial ejective [pʼ]
- dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
- alveolar ejective [tʼ]
- retroflex ejective [ʈʼ]
- palatal ejective [cʼ]
- velar ejective [kʼ]
- uvular ejective [qʼ]
- Affricates
- alveolar ejective affricate [t͡sʼ]
- palato-alveolar ejective affricate [t͡ʃʼ]
- retroflex ejective affricate [ʈ͡ʂʼ]
- alveolo-palatal ejective affricate [t͡ɕʼ]
- dental ejective affricate [tθʼ]
- palatal lateral ejective affricate [c͡ʎ̝̥ʼ]
- velar ejective affricate [k͡xʼ]
- uvular ejective affricate [qχʼ]
- alveolar lateral ejective affricate [t͡ɬʼ]
- velar lateral ejective affricate [k͡ʟ̝̊ʼ]
- Fricatives
- bilabial ejective fricative [ɸʼ]
- labiodental ejective fricative [fʼ]
- dental ejective fricative [θʼ]
- alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
- palato-alveolar ejective fricative [ ʃʼ]
- alveolo-palatal ejective fricative [ɕʼ]
- retroflex ejective fricative [ʂʼ]
- palatal ejective fricative [çʼ]
- velar ejective fricative [ɸʼ]
- uvular ejective fricative [χʼ]
- pharyngeal ejective fricative [ħʼ]
- alveolar lateral ejective fricative [ɬʼ]
- velar lateral ejective fricative [ʟ̝̊ʼ]
Implosive consonants
- voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
- voiceless bilabial implosive [ƥ]
- voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪ ]
- voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ ]
- voiceless alveolar implosive [ʭ]
- voiced retroflex implosive [ᶑ ]
- voiced palatal implosive [ ʄ ]
- voiceless palatal implosive [ƈ ]
- voiced velar implosive [ɠ ]
- voiceless velar implosive [ƙ]
- voiced uvular implosive [ʛ ]
- voiceless uvular implosive [ʠ ]
Labialized consonants
- Plosives
- voiceless labialized velar plosive [kʷ]
- voiced labialized velar plosive [ɡʷ]
- Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive [k͡pʷ]
- voiceless labialized uvular plosive [qʷ]
- voiced labialized uvular plosive [ɢʷ]
- Fricatives
- voiceless labialized velar fricative [xʷ]
- voiced labialized velar fricative [ɣʷ]
- voiceless labialized uvular fricative [χʷ]
- voiced labialized uvular fricative [ʁʷ]
- Approximants
- labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] [jʷ]
- (voiced) labialized velar approximant [w] [ɰʷ]
- voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] [w̥]
- nasal labialized velar approximant [w̃]
Palatalized consonants
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͡ʑ]
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͡ɕ]
- voiceless palatalized velar plosive [kʲ]
Pharyngealized consonants
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [sˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant [zˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive [tˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive [dˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative [θˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized dental fricative [ðˤ]
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˤ]
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ]
- pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ]
- pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant [ɬˤ]
- pharyngealized alveolar nasal [ɮˤ]
Velarized consonants
- Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant [sˠ]
- Voiced velarized dental fricative [ðˠ]
- Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive [tˠ]
- Velarized alveolar flap [ɾˠ]
- Voiceless velarized uvular plosive [qˠ]
- Voiceless velarized uvular fricative [χˠ]
- Voiced velarized uvular fricative [ʁˠ]
- Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɬˠ]
- Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˠ]
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [k] [ɬˠ]
Click consonants
The less common clicks, such as are found in Taa, are not included.
- Simple clicks
- bilabial clicks [ʘ]
- dental clicks [ǀ], [ʇ]
- voiceless dental click [ǀ]
- voiced dental click [ᶢǀ]
- dental nasal click [ᵑǀ]
- (post)alveolar clicks [ǃ], [ʗ]
- alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ], [ʖ]
- retroflex clicks [ǃ˞ , ‼]
- voiceless retroflex click [ǃ˞ ]
- voiced retroflex click [ᶢǃ˞ ]
- retroflex nasal click [ᵑǃ˞ ]
- palatal clicks [ǂ]
- voiceless palatal click [ǂ]
- voiced palatal click [ᶢǂ]
- palatal nasal click [ᵑǂ]
- glottalized bilabial nasal click [ᵑ̊ʘˀ]
- glottalized dental nasal click [ᵑ̊ǀˀ]
- glottalized alveolar nasal click [ᵑ̊ǃˀ]
- glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click [ᵑ̊ǁˀ]
- glottalized retroflex nasal click [ᵑ̊ǃ˞ ˀ]
- glottalized palatal nasal click [ᵑ̊ǂˀ]
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡q]
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop [ʘ͡ɢ]
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡q]
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic stop [ǀ͡ɢ]
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡q]
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ͡ɢ]
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡q]
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop [ǁ͡ɢ]
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ˞ ͡q]
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop [ǃ˞ ͡ɢ]
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡q]
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic stop [ǂ͡ɢ]
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡χ]
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate [ʘ͡ʁ]
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡χ]
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǀ͡ʁ]
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡χ]
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ͡ʁ]
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡χ]
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǁ͡ʁ]
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ˞ ͡χ]
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǃ˞ ͡ʁ]
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡χ]
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate [ǂ͡ʁ]
- bilabial linguo-glottalic stop [ʘ͡qʼ]
- dental linguo-glottalic stop [ǀ͡qʼ]
- alveolar linguo-glottalic stop [ǃ͡qʼ]
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic stop [ǁ͡qʼ]
- retroflex linguo-glottalic stop [ǃ˞ ͡qʼ]
- palatal linguo-glottalic stop [ǂ͡qʼ]
- bilabial linguo-glottalic affricate [ʘ͡χʼ]
- dental linguo-glottalic affricate [ǀ͡χʼ]
- alveolar linguo-glottalic affricate [ǃ͡χʼ]
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic affricate [ǁ͡χʼ]
- retroflex linguo-glottalic affricate [ǃ˞ ͡χʼ]
- palatal linguo-glottalic affricate [ǂ͡χʼ]
Percussive consonants
These are not found in any language, but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects.
See also
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