Close-mid back rounded vowel
| Close-mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o | |
| IPA number | 307 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
o |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F |
| X-SAMPA |
o |
| Kirshenbaum |
o |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Close-mid back protruded vowel
The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨o⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨o̫⟩ for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨oʷ⟩ or ⟨ɤʷ⟩ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
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- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[1] | Botha | [ˈböˑtɐ] | 'Botha' | Near-back. Allophone of /oə/ in less stressed words, in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words and in word-finally when unstressed. In the second case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [öə̯ ~ ö̯ə ~ öə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Egyptian | بؤ | [boʔ] | 'mouth' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology |
| Assamese | ল'ৰা | [loɹa] | 'boy' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | hoga | [hoːga] | 'steam' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | ||||
| Bengali | ওজন | [od͡ʒon] | 'weight' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian[3] | уста | [os̪ˈt̪a] | 'mouth' | Unstressed allophone of /u/ and /ɔ/.[3] See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[4] | sóc | [sok] | 'I am' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 高/gou1 | [kou] | 'tall' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Shanghainese[5] | 瓜 | [ko¹] | 'melon' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[5] | |
| Wu | 花 | [ho] | 'flower' | ||
| Czech | Bohemian[6] | oko | [ˈoko] | 'eye' | Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid [o̞] instead.[6] See Czech phonology |
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | kone | [ˈkʰoːnə] | 'wife' | Also described as near-close [o̝ː].[9][10] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[11] | kool |  [koːɫ] | 'cabbage' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [oʊ]. See Dutch phonology |
| Northeastern | |||||
| Leuven | maken | [ˈmoːkə] | 'make' | Corresponds to /aː/ in standard Dutch. | |
| English | Australian[12] | yawn | [joːn] | 'yawn' | See Australian English phonology |
| Cockney[13] | May be [oʊ] or [ɔo] instead. | ||||
| New Zealand[14] | |||||
| South African[15] | General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. | ||||
| General Indian[16] | go | [ɡoː] | 'go' | ||
| General Pakistani[17] | Varies between [oː~əʊ~ʊ]. | ||||
| Multicultural London[18] | |||||
| Scottish[19] | |||||
| Singaporean[20] | |||||
| Faroese | tosa | [ˈtoːsa] | 'speak' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French[21] | réseau | [ʁeˈzo] | 'net' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[22][23] | oder | [ˈʔoːdɐ] | 'or' | See Standard German phonology |
| Hindustani | दो/دو | [d̪oː] | 'two' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | kór | [koːr] | 'disease' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[24] | foro | [ˈfoːro] | 'hole' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kaingang[25] | [pɪˈpo] | 'toad' | |||
| Korean | 보수/bosu | [ˈpoːsu] | 'salary' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Most dialects[26][27][28] | hoof | [ɦoːf] | 'garden' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Rural Weerts[29] | koke | [ˈkoːkə] | 'to cook' | Corresponds to /uə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /oː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /oə/.[30] | |
| Luxembourgish[31][32] | Sonn | [zon] | 'sun' | Sometimes realized as open-mid [ɔ].[32] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Marathi | गोड | [ɡoɖ] | 'sweet' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | Stavangersk[33] | lov | [lo̟ːʋ] | 'law' | Somewhat fronted.[33] See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish | jojo | [ˈjojɔ] | 'yo-yo' | Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[34] | dois | [d̪ojʃ] | 'two' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਹੋਰ | [ɦoːɾ] | 'more' | ||
| Shiwiar[35] | Allophone of /a/.[35] | ||||
| Silesian | Ślůnsk | [ˈɕlonsk] | 'Silesia' | ||
| Slovak | Some speakers[36] | telefón | [ˈt̻e̞le̞foːn] | 'telephone' | Realization of /oː/ reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid [o̞ː] in standard Slovak.[36] See Slovak phonology |
| Sorbian | Lower[37] | wocy | [ˈβ̞ot̪͡s̪ɪ] | '(two) eyes' | Diphthongized to [u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[37][38] See Upper Sorbian phonology |
| Upper[37][39] | Bóh | [box] | 'god' | ||
| Swedish | åka | [ˈoːka] | 'travel' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | мотузка | [moˈtuzkɑ] | 'rope' | Unstressed allophone of /ɔ/ before stressed syllables with /u/. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek | Oʻzbek | [ozˈbek] | 'Uzbek' | ||
| Vietnamese | tô | [toː] | 'bowl' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian[40] | bok | [bok] | 'billy-goat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yoruba[41] | |||||
Close-mid back compressed vowel
| Close-mid back compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| o͍ | |
| ɤᵝ |
There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɤ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɤ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɤᵝ⟩ ([ɤ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨o͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
Only the Shanghainese dialect is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[5]
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Shanghainese[5] | [tɤᵝ¹] | 'capital' | Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[5] | |
References
- 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 119.
- ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- 1 2 3 4 5 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328–329)
- 1 2 Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ Uldall (1933:?)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:47)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:311)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Lass (2002:116)
- ↑ Wells (1982b:626)
- ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1009)
- ↑ Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Deterding (2000)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:17)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- 1 2 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- 1 2 Kráľ (1988:92)
- 1 2 3 Stone (2002:600)
- ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984:32–33)
- ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ↑ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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