Mid front unrounded vowel

Mid front unrounded vowel
e̞
ɛ̝
IPA number 302 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal) e​̞
Unicode (hex) U+0065 U+031E
X-SAMPA e_o
Braille ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
Sound
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The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], it is normally written ⟨e⟩. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology ⟨ᴇ⟩, (small capital E, U+1D07, ᴇ) is used sometimes.

For many languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (i.e. neither close nor open), this vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel, phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition for this. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though neither language has another phonemic mid front vowel.

The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[1]

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Hejazi[2] ليش [le̞ːʃ] 'why' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic he̞ [he̞ː] 'yes' Usually shifted to [e] and [ɪ] in the Urmia and Jilu dialects.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3]
Catalan Modern Alguerese[4] sec [se̞k] 'dry' /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology
Northern[4]
Chinese Mandarin 飛/fēi [fe̞ɪ̯˥] 'to fly' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech Bohemian[5] led [lë̞t] 'ice' Near-front; may be open-mid [ɛ] instead.[5] See Czech phonology
Danish[6] Conservative[7] hæl [ˈhe̞ːˀl] 'heel' Realized as close-mid [eː] in contemporary standard Danish;[8][9] most often, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[10] wel [β̞e̞ɫ] 'well' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
English Broad New Zealand[11] cat [kʰe̞t] 'cat' Lower in other New Zealand varieties;[11] corresponds to [æ] in other accents.
Cardiff[12] square [skwe̞ː] 'square' May be open-mid [ɛː] instead.[12]
Cultivated New Zealand[11] let [le̞t] 'let' Higher in other New Zealand varieties.[11]
Received Pronunciation[13] Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɛ] instead. See English phonology
Inland Northern American[14] bit [bë̞t̚] 'bit' Near-front,[14][15] may be [ɪ] (also [ə] in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See Northern Cities vowel shift
Scottish[15] [bë̞ʔ]
Yorkshire[16] play [ple̞ː] 'play'
Estonian[17] keha [ˈke̞ɦɑ̝ˑ] 'body' See Estonian phonology
Finnish[18][19] menen [ˈme̞ne̞n] 'I go' See Finnish phonology
German Standard[20] Bett [bɛ̝̈t] 'bed' Near-front;[20] also described as open-mid front [ɛ].[21] See Standard German phonology
Bernese dialect[22] rède [ˈre̞d̥ə] 'to speak' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Bernese German phonology
Greek φαινόμενο /
fainómeno 		[fe̞ˈno̞me̞no̞] 'phenomenon' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[23] כן [ke̞n] 'yes' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[24] hét [he̞ːt̪] 'seven' Also described as close-mid [eː].[25] See Hungarian phonology
Ibibio[26] [sé̞] 'look'
Italian Piedmont bene [ˈbe̞ːne̞] 'good' Corresponds to /ɛ/ and /e/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
Japanese[27] 笑み  [e̞mʲi]  'smile' See Japanese phonology
Jebero[28] [ˈiʃë̞k] 'bat' Near-front; possible realization of /ɘ/.[28]
Korean[29] 베개 [pe̞ˈɡɛ] 'pillow' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Maastrichtian[30] bèd [be̞t] 'bed' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩.
Weert dialect[31] zègke [ˈze̞ɡə] 'to say'
Norwegian Standard Eastern[32] nett [n̻e̞t̻ː] 'net' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Brazilian energia [ẽ̞ne̞ɦˈʑi.ɐ] 'energy' Unstressed vowel.[33] See Portuguese phonology
Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect[34] birk [be̞ʁk] Allophone of /e/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[34]
Romanian fete [ˈfe̞t̪e̞] 'girls' See Romanian phonology
Russian[35] человек [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] 'human' Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[36] питање /
pitanje 		 [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞]  'question' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak Standard[25][37][38] behať [ˈbe̞ɦäc̟] 'to run' Backness varies between front and near-front.[38] See Slovak phonology
Slovene[39] velikan [ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn] 'giant' Unstressed vowel,[39] as well as an allophone of /e/ before /j/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[40] See Slovene phonology
Sorbian Upper[41] njebjo [ˈɲ̟e̞bʲɔ] 'sky' Allophone of /ɛ/ between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding /j/ in both cases.[41] See Upper Sorbian phonology
Spanish[42] bebé [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] 'baby' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[43] häll [he̞l̪] 'flat rock' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. Many dialects pronounce short /e/ and /ɛ/ the same. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog daliri [dɐˈliɾe̞] 'finger' See Tagalog phonology
Tera[44] ze [zè̞ː] 'spoke'
Turkish[45][46] ev [e̞v] 'house' See Turkish phonology
Võro
West Frisian[47] ik [e̞k] 'I' Also described as close-mid [e];[48] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[49] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid [ɛ̃] instead.[49]

References

  1. ↑ Bishop, N. (1996). A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology. Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25.
  2. ↑ Jarrah, Mohamed Ali Saleh (1993)
  3. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. 1 2 Recasens (1996:59-60)
  5. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999:72)
  6. ↑ Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
  7. ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  8. ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
  9. ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
  10. ↑ Peters (2010:241)
  11. 1 2 3 4 Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
  12. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990:95)
  13. ↑ Roach (2004:242)
  14. 1 2 Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (15 July 1997). "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  16. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
  17. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  18. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  19. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  20. 1 2 Kohler (1999:87)
  21. ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
  22. ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
  23. ↑ Laufer (1999:98)
  24. ↑ Szende (1994:92)
  25. 1 2 Kráľ (1988:92)
  26. ↑ Urua (2004:106)
  27. ↑ Okada (1991:94)
  28. 1 2 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  29. ↑ Lee (1999:121)
  30. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  31. ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
  32. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
  33. ↑ Corresponds to /ɛ/, or /ɨ/ and /i/ (where Brazilian dialects have [i ~ ɪ ~ e̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([ẽ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /ẽ/), or be raised and merged to /e/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
  34. 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
  35. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
  36. ↑ Landau et al. (1999:67)
  37. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
  38. 1 2 Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
  39. 1 2 Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
  40. ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:138)
  41. 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984:34)
  42. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  43. ↑ Engstrand (1999:140)
  44. ↑ Tench (2007:230)
  45. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  46. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  47. ↑ Sipma (1913:10)
  48. ↑ Tiersma (1999:10)
  49. 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)

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