Case variants of IPA letters

Capital variants of the IPA letters used in English, as designed by Michael Everson.[1]

With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (upper-case) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ, both upper-case Ɂ and lower-case ɂ are used.

The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o Ɔ ɔ, open e Ɛ ɛ, and eng Ŋ ŋ, but several others are found. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʃ ʃ, Ʊ ʊ (or Ʋ ʋ), as in this newspaper headline:

MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.

Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself. And although one might think that the click letters ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ were adopted from the IPA without case, the reverse happened: they were actually adopted into the IPA from Nama, replacing the dedicated IPA letters ʇ ʗ ʖ; Nama never did have case for these letters.

Chart

IPAUppercaseLowercase
ɑ
ɒ
ɐ
ɓƁ, Ƃ
βꞵ (IPA uses Greek beta still[2])
ɔƆ
ƈ Ƈ
ðÐ
ɖƉ, Ɗ
ɗƊ
(ᶑ Ɗ̢) Uses combining characters to represent uppercase ᶑ.
əƏ, Ǝ
ɛƐ
ɜ[3]
ɡ[3]
ɠƓ
ɣƔ
ħĦ
ɦ
ɥ
ɨƗ
ɪ[4]
ɩƖ
ʝ
ƙƘ
ʞ
ɫ
ɬ[5]
ɱ
ɯƜ
ŋŊ
ɲƝ
ƞȠ
ɵƟ
ƥƤ
ɋɊ
ɽ
ʃƩ
ʈƮ, Ŧ[6]
ƭƬ
ʇ
ʉɄ
ʊƱ
ɷ[7]
ʋƲ
ʌɅ
χ
ʒƷ, reversed Ʃ[4]
θ(like Θ)[4][6]
ɸ(like Φ)
ʔɁɂ

Others letters are the graphic equivalent of IPA capitals, but are not identified with the IPA. Examples are ɟ Ɉ (actually, the capital of ɉ), ʎ (⅄) (the capital of λ in Americanist usage; similarly ƛ ),[6] ɹ ꓤ.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/13/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.