Voiced labiodental fricative
| Voiced labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| v | |
| IPA number | 129 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
v |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
| X-SAMPA |
v |
| Kirshenbaum |
v |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
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The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
Although this is a familiar sound to most European and Middle Eastern listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound tend to pronounce it as [b] (Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese and Mandarin), thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Afrikaans | wees | [veə̯s] | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
| Arabic | Siirt[1] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | վեց |  [vɛtsʰ] | 'six' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ktava | [kta:va] | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
| Bulgarian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Balearic[3] | viu | [ˈviw] | 'live' | See Catalan phonology |
| Southern Catalonia[4] | |||||
| Valencian[4] | |||||
| Chechen | вашa / vaṣa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
| Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
| Czech | voda | [voda] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ʋ].[6] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
| Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
| Standard[7] | |||||
| English | All dialects | valve | [væɫv] | 'valve' | See English phonology |
| Cockney[8] | breathe | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |
| African American[9] | |||||
| Ewe[10] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
| Faroese[11] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[11] See Faroese phonology | |
| French[12] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[13] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
| German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi[14] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[15] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
| Kabardian | вагъуэ | [vaːʁʷa] | 'star' | Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe | |
| Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[16][17][18][19] | venn | [vɛ̝nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[19] See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | |||||
| Provençal | |||||
| Persian | Iranian Persian | ورزش | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' | See Persian phonology |
| Polish[20] | wór | [vur] | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[21] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | val | [val] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[22] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[23] | гроф би / grof bi | [ɡrô̞v bi] | 'the earl would' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | voda | [voda] | 'water' | ||
| Spanish[24] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | cetvel | [dʒetvæl] | 'ruler' | Allophone of /ʋ/ after voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[25] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | ||
| West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions | |
| Yi | ꃶ/vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Watson (2002:15)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- 1 2 Wheeler (2002:13)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:66)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- 1 2 Árnason (2011:115)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ↑ Strandskogen (1979:28 and 32)
- ↑ Skaug (2003:100)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- 1 2 Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ↑ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199229317.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
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