Voiceless glottal affricate
| Voiceless glottal affricate | |
|---|---|
| ʔ͡h | |
| ʔ͜h | |
| ʔh | |
| IPA number | 113 146 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA |
?_h |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The voiceless glottal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ʔ͡h⟩ and ⟨ʔ͜h⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?_h. The tie bar is sometimes omitted, yielding ⟨ʔh⟩ in the IPA and ?h in X-SAMPA. This is potentially problematic in case of at least some affricates, because there are languages that contrast certain affricates with stop-fricative sequences. Polish words czysta ('clean (f.)', pronounced with an affricate /t͡ʂ/) and trzysta ('three hundred', pronounced with a sequence /tʂ/) are an example of a minimal pair based on such a contrast.
Features
Features of the voiceless glottal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is glottal, which means it is articulated at and by the vocal cords (vocal folds).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Yuxi dialect[1][2] | 可 | [ʔ͡ho˥˧] | 'can, may' | Corresponds to /kʰ/ in Standard Chinese.[2][3] |
| English | Received Pronunciation[4] | hat | [ʔ͡haʔt] | 'hat' | Possible allophone of /h/, especially in stressed syllables.[4] See English phonology |
References
- ↑ Yang (1969), pp. 393–394.
- 1 2 Colarusso (2012), p. 2.
- ↑ Yang (1969), p. 394.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 148.
Bibliography
- Colarusso, John (2012), The Typology of the Gutturals (PDF)
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Yang, Shifeng (1969), A Report of Investigating Dialects in Yunnan Province [雲南方言調查報告]
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