Timeline of Baghdad
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Prior to 16th century
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- 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).[1]
- 762 CE
- Round City construction begins per Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur.[2][3]
- Al-Khassakiyya mosque built.[4]
- 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.[4]
- 775 – Bab al-Taq (gate) built.[5]
- 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.[6]
- 794 – Paper mill in operation.[6][7]
- 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.[4]
- 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
- 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.[6]
- 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.[8]
- 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.[9]
- 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.[10]
- 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[11]
- 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.[6]
- 865 – City wall built.[12]
- 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
- 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.[9]
- 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.[13]
- 908 – Khulafa Mosque built.[4]
- 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.[9]
- 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.[14]
- 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.[6]
- 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
- 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.[14]
- 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.
- 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.[9][15]
- 1095 – City wall rebuilt.[12]
- 1180 – Caliph Al-Nasir in power.
- 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.[4]
- 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).[4]
- 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.[8]
- 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.[4]
- 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles Kitab al-Tabikh (1226) (cookbook).
- 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.[4]
- 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).[4]
- 1232 – Mustansiriya Madrasah established.[4][13]
- 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.[8]
- 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.[9]
- 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).[9]
- 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.[16]
- 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.[4]
- 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.[4]
- 1393 – City captured by Timur.[9]
- 1401 – City captured by Timur again.[9]
- 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.[9]
- 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.[8]
- 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.[6]
16th–19th centuries
- 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.[17]
- 1534
- Capture of Baghdad by Ottomans.[9]
- Jami' Abd al-Qadir al-Jaylani built.[4]
- 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.[8]
- 1578 – Jami' Murad Basha built.[4]
- 1601 – Coffeehouse built.[18]
- 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.[8]
- 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.[9]
- 1625 - Siege of Baghdad, Ottoman–Safavid Wars
- 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.[19]
- 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.[1]
- 1683 – City besieged.[9]
- 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.[9]
- 1795 – Jami al-Maydan built.[4]
- 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.[9]
- 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.[9]
- 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).[20]
- 1826 – Jami' Haydar Khanah built.[4]
- 1830
- British East Indian Company in residence (approximate date).[9]
- Plague.[21]
- 1831 – Flood, then famine.[9]
- 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.[22]
- 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
- 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.[1]
- 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
- 1865
- Basrah-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
- Alliance Israélite boys' school established.[1]
- 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.[9]
- 1870
- 1871 – Population: 65,000.[21]
- 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).[1]
- 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).[8]
- 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.[1]
20th century
1900s–1940s
- 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[24]
- 1909 – Cinema built.[25]
- 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
- 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[26]
- 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[9]
- 1915
- Istanbul-Baghdad railway begins operating.[6]
- Al Rasheed Street laid out.[6]
- Cholera epidemic.[9]
- 1917
- March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.[27][28]
- Cinema opens.[9]
- 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
- 1920
- City becomes capital of the British Mandate of Iraq.
- Iraqi revolt against the British.
- Maktabat al-Salam (library) established.
- 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
- 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basrah flights.[9]
- 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
- 1931 – Strike.[29]
- 1936 – Military coup.[9]
- 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.[30]
- 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
- 1941
- May: Anglo-Iraqi War.[31]
- June: Farhud (pogrom against Jews).
- 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
- 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
- 1948
1950s–1990s
- 1952
- 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
- 1956
- Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.[32]
- May: Government television begins broadcasting.[33]
- Uprising.[34]
- Iraqi Artists Society formed.[35]
- 1957
- University of Baghdad established.
- Demonstration.[34]
- 1958
- 14 July: Iraqi coup d'état against king Faisal II at Royal Palace.[34]
- City becomes capital of the Republic of Iraq.
- 1959
- Revolution City built.
- Al-Mabda' newspaper begins publication.
- Unknown Soldier monument erected on Firdos Square.[32]
- 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
- 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
- 1963
- 8–10 February: Iraqi coup d'état.
- Khulafa Central Mosque built.
- Al-Mustansiriya University and Al-Rasheed Sport Club established.
- 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
- 1965 – Population: 1,745,000 (approximate).[36]
- 1966
- Film festival held at Al-Rashid Cinema.[37]
- Al-Shaab Stadium and Martyrs' Mosque built.[4]
- 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.[30]
- 1968 – National Theatre Company established.[30]
- 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
- 1975 – Central Post Office built.[4]
- 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
- 1980
- Iran–Iraq War begins.
- Film school of the Institute of Fine Arts established.[37]
- 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.[4]
- 1982
- Saddam International Airport, Al Rasheed Hotel, Palestine Meridien Hotel, and Baghdad Conference Palace[4] built.
- Ishtar Sheraton Hotel opens.
- The Monument to the Unknown Soldier inaugurated.[32]
- 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.[4]
- 1985
- 1988 – Saddam University established.
- 1989 – Victory Arch erected.[32]
- 1991
- Gulf War.
- 13 February: Amiriyah shelter bombing.
- 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
- 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.
21st century
2000s
- 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
- 2003
- 3–12 April: Battle of Baghdad; United States in power; Green Zone established.
- 9 April: Firdos Square statue destruction.
- 7 August: Jordanian embassy bombing.
- 19 August: Canal Hotel bombing.
- 27 October: Bombings.
- 2004
- 2 March: Ashura bombings.
- 29 May: Alaa al-Tamimi becomes mayor.[38]
- 25 August: Baghdad International Airport reverts to civilian control.
- 12 September: Haifa Street helicopter incident.
- 14 September: Bombing.
- 2005
- 8 August: Municipal coup d'état.[38]
- 31 August: 2005 Baghdad bridge stampede.
- Baghdad International Film Festival begins.[39]
- 2006
- 7 April: Buratha Mosque bombing.
- 1 July: Sadr City bombing.
- 9 July: Hay al Jihad massacre.
- 23 November: Sadr City bombings.
- 2007
- 16 January: Mustansiriya University bombings.
- 22 January: Bombings.
- 3 February: Market bombing.
- 14 February: Baghdad Security Plan effected.
- 18 February: Bombings.
- 5 March: Mutanabbi Street bombed.[40]
- 29 March: Bombings.
- April: Adhamiyah neighborhood Wall construction begins.[41]
- 26 July: Market bombing.
- 1 August: Bombings.
- 2008
- Baghdad Metro resumes operation.
- 6 March: Bombing.
- 17 June: Bombing.
- 2009
- 1 January: Control of Green Zone transferred from US to Iraq.
- Dismantling of war-time blast walls begins.[42]
- 19 August: Bombings.
2010s
See also: Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
- 2010
- 17 August: Bombings.
- Baghdad FC Stadium opens.
- 2012
- 2015 - Air pollution in Baghdad reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 208 PM10, much higher than recommended.[44]
- 2016 - 3 July: Bombing in Karrada.
See also
- History of Baghdad
- List of Abbasid Caliphs
- Neighbourhoods of Baghdad
- List of mosques in Baghdad
- Administrative districts in Baghdad (formed in 2003)
- List of hospitals in Baghdad Governorate
- Other cities in Iraq
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bagdad", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
- ↑ Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2. JSTOR 162258.
- ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Baghdad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ArchNet. "Baghdad". Archived from the original on December 2012.
- ↑ Jacob Lassner (1966). "Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9. JSTOR 3596170.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jacqueline Griffin (1996), "Baghdad", in Trudy Ring, Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
- ↑ History of Printing Timeline, American Printing History Association, retrieved 6 May 2016
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Charles Wilson, ed. (1895), "Baghdad", Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc., London: John Murray, OCLC 8979039
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
- ↑ Jim Al-Khalili (2010), Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846141614
- ↑ Felix Jones (1856). "Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad". Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. Bombay. 12.
- 1 2 George Makdisi (1959). "Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes". Arabica: 178–197. JSTOR 4055493.
- 1 2 3 Francoise Micheau (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era". The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9789004162402.
- 1 2 George Makdisi (1961). "Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24: 1. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0014039x. JSTOR 610293.
- ↑ "West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ↑ Michael Cooperson (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative". Muqarnas. 13.
- ↑ Justin Marozzi (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1.
- ↑ Markman Ellis (2004). The Coffee-House: a Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297843192.
- ↑ "Bagdad". Edinburgh Gazetteer (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1829.
- ↑ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bagdad", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- 1 2 Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.
- ↑ Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 : A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. 1988.
- 1 2 Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39. JSTOR 4284278.
- ↑ Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta.
- 1 2 Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
- ↑ "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912
- ↑ "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ↑ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
- ↑ Peter Sluglett (2007), Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231142007
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Don Rubin, ed. (1999), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415059321
- ↑ Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
- 1 2 3 4 Caecilia Pieri (2008). "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42. JSTOR 23063540.
- ↑ Douglas A. Boyd (1982). "Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country". Middle Eastern Studies. 18. JSTOR 4282908.
- 1 2 3 Kwasi Kwarteng (2011), Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world, New York: PublicAffairs
- ↑ Orit Bashkin (2008), The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804759922
- ↑ L. W. Jones (1969). "Rapid Population Growth in Baghdad and Amman". Middle East Journal. 23. JSTOR 4324436.
- 1 2 Terri Ginsberg; Chris Lippard (2010), Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema, USA: Scarecrow Press
- 1 2 "Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced". New York Times. 10 August 2005.
- ↑ "Baghdad International Film Festival". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ↑ "Baghdad car bomb hits book market". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2007.
- ↑ "Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost". Reuters. 6 February 2008.
- ↑ "When the Walls Come Down". New York Times. 14 October 2009.
- 1 2 3 Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
- ↑ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva
Further reading
Published in the 17th–18th centuries
- Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "(Bagdat)". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris.
- Allain Manesson Mallet (1683), "De la ville de Bagdet", Description de l'univers (in French), Paris: Denys Thierry
- Barthélemy d' Herbelot (1777), "Bagdad", Bibliotheque orientale (in French), The Hague: J. Neaulme & N. van Daalen
Published in the 19th century
- J.B.L.J. Rousseau (1809). Description du pachalik de Bagdad (in French).
- Abraham Rees (1819), "Bagdad", The Cycloppædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
- Robert Ker Porter (1821), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, OCLC 5524754
- Robert Mignan (1829), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Chaldæa, London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley
- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Bagdad". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- Anthony Norris Groves (1832), Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831, London: J. Nisbet, OCLC 5000777
- "Bagdad". American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Boston: Boston Bewick Co. 1. 1834.
- Josiah Conder (1834), "Bagdad", Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg
- James Raymond Wellsted (1840), "Bagdat", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
- Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Bagdad". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
- Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Bagdad", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge
- George Henry Townsend (1867), "Bagdad", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Baghdad", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
- Grattan Geary (1878), "City of the Caliphs", Through Asiatic Turkey, London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, OCLC 4918876
- Ibn Serapion; Guy Le Strange (1895). "Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London.
- Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "Baġdād", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400
Published in the 20th century
- Guy Le Strange (1900), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Bibliography + Index).
- "Bagdad", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- Pedro Teixeira (1902), "Concerning the City of Bagdad", The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
- Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1904), L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî (in French), translated by George Salmon, Paris: É. Bouillon, OCLC 23419471
- "Bagdad", Jewish Encyclopedia, 2, New York, 1907
- "Bagdad". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Bagdad", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- "Baghdad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1913. p. 563?+.
- Sven Hedin (1918), "Bagdad einst und jetzt", Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive (in German), Leipzig: Brockhaus
- Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (1923–1924). Manāqib Baghdād (in Arabic). Edited by M. Bahjat al-Atharī. Baghdād: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām.
- Freya Stark (1932). Baghdad Sketches.
- Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Baghdad", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 140, OL 6112221M
- Ibn al-Banna; George Makdisi (1956–1957). "Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18: 9. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00122189.
- "Baghdad", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 92, OL 5812502M
- J. Gulick (1967). "Baghdad: portrait of a city in physical and cultural change". Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 33.
- Jacob Lassner. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1970.
- Gaston Wiet (1971), Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate, translated by Seymour Feiler, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080610922X
- "Iraq: Baghdad", Middle East, Australia: Lonely Planet, 1994, p. 302+, OL 16516298W
Published in the 21st century
- John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Baghdad". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 43+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
- Stefano Bianca (2000), "Baghdad: an Arab Metropolis between Conservation and Redevelopment", Urban form in the Arab world, Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725
- Hoshiar Nooradin (2004). "Globalization and the search for modern local architecture: learning from Baghdad". In Yasser Elsheshtawy. Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-134-41010-1.
- Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq (2007). Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook. Translated by Nawal Nasrallah. Brill. ISBN 90-04-15867-7.
- Dina Rizk Khoury (2008). "Violence and spatial politics between the local and imperial: Baghdad 1778-1810". In Gyan Prakash; Kevin Michael Kruse. Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13343-3.
- Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Baghdad Urbexplosion". Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Université du Québec. p. 195+. ISBN 978-2-7605-2209-1.
- Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Baghdad". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- Mona Damluji (2010). "'Securing Democracy In Iraq': Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments. 21 – via University of California, Berkeley.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baghdad. |
- "History of Baghdad". University of Baghdad.
- Yezin Al-Qays (ed.). "Heart of Baghdad".
- "Movie Theaters in Baghdad, Iraq". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC.
- Harold W. Morgan (1917–1919). "Photograph album of Capt. W. Harold Morgan: Mesopotamia". (includes photos of Baghdad)
- Europeana. Items related to Baghdad, various dates.
Coordinates: 33°19′30″N 44°25′19″E / 33.325°N 44.422°E
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