Kirkland Lake

Kirkland Lake
Town (single-tier)
Town of Kirkland Lake

Aerial view of Kirkland Lake
Nickname(s): The Mile of Gold, Hub of the North, The Right Environment, Hockeytown, KL[1]
Kirkland Lake
Coordinates: 48°09′00″N 80°02′00″W / 48.15000°N 80.03333°W / 48.15000; -80.03333Coordinates: 48°09′00″N 80°02′00″W / 48.15000°N 80.03333°W / 48.15000; -80.03333
Country  Canada
Province  Ontario
District Timiskaming
Established 1919 (Township of Teck)
Incorporated 1972 (Town)
Government
 • Mayor Tony Antoniazzi
 • Town Council
 • MPs Charlie Angus (NDP)
 • MPPs John Vanthof (ONDP)
Area[2]
 • Total 262.54 km2 (101.37 sq mi)
Elevation 243 m (797 ft)
Population (2011)[3]
 • Total 8,493
 • Density 32.3/km2 (84/sq mi)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
Postal Code FSA P2N
Area code(s) 705
Website www.discoverkl.ca

Kirkland Lake is a town and municipality located in Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The 2011 population, according to Statistics Canada, was 8,493.[3]

The community name was based on a nearby lake which in turn was named after Winnifred Kirkland, a secretary of the Ontario Department of Mines in Toronto. The lake was named by surveyor Louis Rorke in 1907.[4] Ms Kirkland never visited the town, and the lake that bore her name no longer exists because of mine tailings. The community comprises Kirkland Lake, as well as Swastika, Chaput Hughes and Harvey Kirkland.

Kirkland Lake was built on gold, but it is equally well known for producing world-famous hockey players. Indeed, legendary hockey broadcaster Foster Hewitt called Kirkland Lake "the town that made the NHL."[4]:212 The town celebrates this tradition at the Hockey Heritage North museum.

Until January 1, 1972, the town was known as Township of Teck. A by-law was introduced, on July 20, 1971 to change the name of the municipality to Town of Kirkland Lake, effective January 1, 1972.[5]

History

Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway station in Kirkland Lake, 1920
Government Road, c. 1920
Wood Kirkland Gold Mine, Kirkland Lake, 1928

Tom Price discovered a boulder containing gold on a visit to the area in 1906.[6]:8

In 1911, important claims were made along the Main Break. John Hunton staked claims on 18 Feb. 1911, which were incorporated as the Hunton Gold Mines Ltd. in April 1914, eventually becoming part of the Amalgamated Kirkland. Stephen Orr filed claims on 22 Feb. 1911, the basis for the Teck-Hughes Mine and the Orr Gold Mines Ltd, which was incorporated in June 1913. George Minaker staked claims on 23 Feb. 1911, part of which he sold to Oakes in Sept. 1912, becoming part of the Lake Shore Mine. John Reamsbottom filed claims on 18 April 1911 which became part of the Teck-Hughes Mine. C.A. McKane staked claims on 20 April 1911, which became the Kirkland Lake Gold Mine. A. Maracle staked claims on 5 June 1911 which became part of the Townsite claims. Melville McDougall staked claims on 27 June 1911, which he transferred to Oakes on 6 Sept. 1912, and became the part of the Lake Shore Mine. Jack Matchett staked a claim on 7 July 1911, later acquired by Oakes, which became part of the Townsite Mine. On 10 July 1911, Dave Elliott staked claims which became the Macassa Mine. "Swift" Burnside staked claims on 26–28 July 1911 which became part of the Tough-Oakes Burnside Mine. Bill Wright filed claims on 27–29 July 1911, and on 16 Sept. 1911 with his brother-in-law Ed. Hargreaves, which became part of the Sylvanite Mine. This claim extended into the southeastern portion of the lake. More importantly, Wright found free gold near the future site of the Discovery Shaft. Ed. Horne staked a claim on 12 Oct. 1911, which became part of the Townsite Mine, and the incorporation of Kirkland Townsite Gold Mines Ltd. in 1917. On 8 Jan. 1912, Harry Oakes partnered with the Tough brothers plus Clem. Foster, who owned the Foster Silver Mine in Cobalt, staked claims which incorporated the No. 2 Vein and eventually led to the incorporation of Tough-Oakes Gold Mines Ltd. in 1913. Oakes filed additional claims on 30 July 1912, and Wright on 26 Aug. 1912, both within the lake and eventually becoming parts of the Lake Shore Mine.[6]:14–17,21–27

By 1914, there was one mine in operation, the Tough-Oakes, which included electric power transmitted from Charlton. A settlement had formed at the southwest arm of the lake, which included a post office, stores and a hotel.[6]:31–32

In order to maximize taxation revenue from existing and potential mines in the area, the six square mile Municipal Corporation of the Township of Teck was formed with Wellington J. McLeod as the first reeve in 1919.[6] Their first task was the establishment of public utilities, including roads and water pipes, in the rapidly growing area.[7] Kirkland Lake had numerous mines, in the early years, including the Teck-Hughes (1917–1968), Lake Shore (1918–1968), Kirkland Minerals (1919–1960), Wright-Hargreaves (1921–1965), Sylvanite (1927–1961), Tough-Oakes-Burnside (later Toburn) (1913–1953), and Macassa Mine (1933–1999).

The Kirkland Lake camp produced $636,667 worth of gold in 1918 and that rose to a value of $17,000,000 in 1930. As Pain points out, "Kirkland Lake camp came to occupy a position of real importance in the mining world." By 1934 the production had reached $34,000,000 and 2,000,000 tons were being milled annually. Peak employment of 4761 wage earners occurred in 1939, but that dropped to 2064 by 1944. The 1939 population was 24,200.[4]:212[6]:50,76,78,81

Early in the Second World War gold production in the area decreased due to personnel being lost to more essential war industries. In 1942, gold mining was declared a non-essential industry to the war effort which resulted in gold mines across the country being at a lower priority for personnel and supplies relative to producers of base metals. After the war, local soldiers returned to the newly created Federal area in the northern section of the town.[8] The Kirkland Lake Cemetery is a member of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and is the location of the graves of 12 soldiers, and 3 airmen of the Canadian forces who died during the Second World War.[9]

Kirkland Lake's first fire hall was established in 1935 and the second fire hall in 1955.

In 1963 the open pit Adams Mine began developing its iron ore resources. The mine would stay in production until 1990.

The Kirkland Lake Community Complex, now the Joe Mavrinac Community Complex, opened in 1979. In the early eighties, LAC Minerals reopened the main shaft of the Lake Shore Mine and worked it from 1982 to 1987 to extract pockets of gold that had been left behind. Between 1987 and 1991 Vancouver based Eastmaque Gold Mines reprocessed tailings, or "slimes", from early inefficient mill operations, extracting 70,000 ounces of gold.[10]

Between October and December 1988, Kirkland Lake was the filming location for the drama film Termini Station.[11]

On the morning of Sunday, May 20, 2012, a forest fire was discovered about 3 kilometres north of Kirkland Lake, which grew to 2,757 hectares, by the afternoon of May 21, causing a state of emergency to be declared. Residential and cottage areas on Goodfish Lake and Nettie Lakes and one street in Chaput Hughes were evacuated that afternoon. Kirkland Lake Gold and AuRico Gold, have suspended operations due to fire damage to power lines and local schools were closed.[12] On May 29, the state of emergency was lifted, as the fire was determined to be no longer a threat to Kirkland Lake, although it was not yet under control.[13]

On December 18, 2012, the town council voted to have fluoride removed from the local water treatment facility, after a breakdown left the town with a bill of $360,000.[14]

Geology

Kirkland Lake is located within the Abitibi greenstone belt and the Abitibi gold belt. The main geologic feature in the Kirkland Lake Camp is the Kirkland Lake Break, or Main Break. This Break is a vein located along a thrust fault extending east to west and dipping steeply to the south. The area mine shafts are all located along this Break. Gold occurs in quartz veins in spatial relationship to this fault.[15] The major mines in 1960, trending east to west, included Toburn, Sylvanite, Wright-Hargreaves, Lake Shore, Teck Hughes, Kirkland Minerals, and Macassa.[6]:overleaf[16]

In the early days of staking claims, most prospectors tried to understand the lateral extent of this east-west trending vein defining the Main Break, as well as the associated veins paralleling it, e.g. South Vein, No. 2 Vein, No. 6 Vein, No. 7 Vein, etc. Most importantly, prospecting was extensive in the hopes the vein extended under the southern portion of Kirkland Lake.[6]:29–31

Telluride minerals were present in the Tough-Oakes ore. They are also present in the Sylvanite Mine, though sylvanite is not one of them. The Sylvanite Mine started a 200-ton mill in 1927 and shafts reached 2000 feet by 1930.[6]:25,29,50

Kirkland Lake Gold Mines Ltd. was incorporated in 1913 before the property was taken over by Cobalt's Beaver Consolidated Mines Ltd. after a shaft was sunk 80 feet. They formed the Kirkland Lake Gold Mining Company in 1915 and the main shaft was sunk 800 feet, which prompted the building on a mill in 1919. Shafts reached a depth of 1600 feet before the mine closed in 1924. Operations restarted in 1926 with new financing organized by Dr. J.B. Tyrrell, and high-grade ore was found at 2475 feet. By 1930, the mine had reached a depth of 4000 feet and had acquired the Chaput-Highes claim to the south. The property was acquired by the Kirkland Minerals Corporation in 1956.[6]:44,52–53

Tough-Oakes produced 213 tons of high-grade ore in 1914. Operations included a five-stamp mill for amalgamation plus a cyanide plant. However, the presence of high-grade ore in the vein terminated at the 300-foot level and the mine shut down in 1918. This property was consolidated with Burnside's to form Tough-Oakes Burnside Gold Mines Ltd. in 1923 and the Burnside No. 3 shaft was deepened to 1000 feet. The operation went bankrupt in 1928. Operations restarted as the Toburn in 1932, as a subsidiary of the American Smelting and Refining Company.[6]:37–38,49,78–79

Lake Shore Mines Ltd. was incorporated in Feb. 1914. Oakes proceeded with sending a crosscut from his shaft on the South Vein towards the anticipated Main Break under the lake to the north. This crosscut encountered high-grade ore and a 100-ton mill was in operation by March 1918. Their No. 1 shaft reached a depth of 1600 feet and their No. shaft a depth of 1000 feet by 1930 and was considered "the wonder mine" by Pain. There was 1600 feet of high-grade ore at the 1000-foot level and 2400 feet at the 2400-foot level.[6]:40–42,50,76

Wright-Hargreaves Mines Ltd. was incorporated in 1916. The Wright-Hargreaves Mine had a 100-ton a day mill operating by 1921 and shafts reached a depth of 2000 feet by 1930. Almost 900 feet of high-grade ore was found between the 500-foot level down to 1750.[6]:40,43,50,76

In 1916, the Teck-Hughes Mine built a 50-ton cyanide mill after the No. 1 shaft reached a depth of 500 feet. In 1923, the company was reorganized as Teck-Highes Gold Mines Ltd, which included the Orr claim to the south. The central shaft reached a depth of 2980 feet and a south shaft was sunk in 1928 to reach a depth of 3600 feet. A 1000-ton per day mill was in operation by 1930. High-grade ore of up to 1000 feet was found on six levels.[6]:43,51–52,76

Macassa Mines Ltd. was organized in 1926, which included the Elliott claims. Mill operations started in 1933 and acquired the United Kirkland Gold Mines Ltd. claims to the south.[6]:54–55

The lake itself was gradually filled in by mill tailings, such that the water had disappeared by 1930. By 1960, 1500 miles of underground workings were in the Kirkland Lake camp and 12 miles of direct hoisting shafts. The Lake Shore and Wright-Hargreaves mines had the deepest working depths in the world, at 8,200 feet below the surface.[6]:98–99

Geography and ecology

Kirkland Lake includes the townships of Teck, Bernhardt and Morrisette.[17]

Kirkland Lake is located in the resource-rich Precambrian Shield, an ancient geological core of the North American continent. Nearby is the Arctic Watershed, a drainage divide at an elevation of 318 m (1,043 ft). Rivers south of that elevation flow into a drainage basin which includes Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River, while rivers north of the watershed flow into Hudson Bay.

Noticeable local landmarks include Mount Cheminis, rising 500 meters above sea level, and many small kettle lakes, scraped out of the rock during the last Ice Age and filled with clear water.

Black spruce, jack pine, trembling aspen, white birch, white spruce, balsam poplar, and balsam fir are the dominant trees in the area. A prominent forest form in this part of the black spruce distribution is the black spruce/feathermoss climax forest, which characteristically exhibits moderately dense canopy and features a forest floor of feathermosses.[18] Moose, beaver, muskrat, snowshoe hare, as well as numerous predators roam this area, including marten, ermine, fisher, otter, black bear, wolf, and lynx. The many wetlands and lakes support a diversity of bird species, such as great blue herons, ducks, geese, and that symbol of the north, the common loon. Ground and tree dwelling birds are also plentiful, including grouse, partridge, robins, blue jays, and gray jays as well as birds of prey such as hawks.

Climate

Kirkland Lake enjoys four distinct seasons. Spring and autumn offer a mix of warm sunny days and crisp, cool nights. Summers are comfortably warm, with dry air and temperatures reaching into the mid-20 degree Celsius range (mid 70s Fahrenheit). Winter temperatures may seem brisk, but high winds and high humidity are rare, allowing residents to take full advantage of outside recreational activities.

Climate data for Kirkland Lake
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4)		 12.0
(53.6)		 18.5
(65.3)		 29.0
(84.2)		 35.6
(96.1)		 37.5
(99.5)		 38.9
(102)		 36.7
(98.1)		 32.8
(91)		 26.1
(79)		 18.9
(66)		 14.5
(58.1)		 38.9
(102)
Average high °C (°F) −10.7
(12.7)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 7.2
(45)		 16.3
(61.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 24.0
(75.2)		 22.3
(72.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 8.8
(47.8)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2)		 −14.8
(5.4)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 1.3
(34.3)		 9.8
(49.6)		 15.0
(59)		 17.8
(64)		 16.5
(61.7)		 10.9
(51.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −12.9
(8.8)		 1.7
(35.1)
Average low °C (°F) −23.4
(−10.1)		 −21.7
(−7.1)		 −14.3
(6.3)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 3.2
(37.8)		 8.5
(47.3)		 11.6
(52.9)		 10.6
(51.1)		 5.8
(42.4)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −18.3
(−0.9)		 −4.2
(24.4)
Record low °C (°F) −47
(−53)		 −43.5
(−46.3)		 −41
(−42)		 −28.9
(−20)		 −12.2
(10)		 −2.8
(27)		 0.0
(32)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −9.5
(14.9)		 −13
(9)		 −31.5
(−24.7)		 −42
(−44)		 −47
(−53)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.8
(2.63)		 48.6
(1.913)		 61.1
(2.406)		 54.0
(2.126)		 73.6
(2.898)		 90.6
(3.567)		 90.5
(3.563)		 92.0
(3.622)		 100.0
(3.937)		 76.3
(3.004)		 58.9
(2.319)		 71.5
(2.815)		 883.8
(34.795)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.9
(0.075)		 1.2
(0.047)		 14.5
(0.571)		 33.8
(1.331)		 70.7
(2.783)		 90.4
(3.559)		 90.5
(3.563)		 92.0
(3.622)		 99.5
(3.917)		 70.6
(2.78)		 21.8
(0.858)		 2.8
(0.11)		 589.7
(23.217)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 64.9
(25.55)		 47.5
(18.7)		 46.6
(18.35)		 20.2
(7.95)		 2.8
(1.1)		 0.2
(0.08)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.5
(0.2)		 5.8
(2.28)		 37.1
(14.61)		 68.7
(27.05)		 294.1
(115.79)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 14.8 10.3 10.1 8.6 11.4 13.3 13.8 13.2 14.9 14.2 13.8 15.8 154.2
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.28 0.36 1.8 5.5 11.0 13.3 13.8 13.2 14.8 12.3 3.6 0.76 90.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 14.6 10.1 8.9 4.0 0.81 0.08 0 0 0.17 2.5 10.5 15.1 66.8
Source: Environment Canada.[19]

Demographics

Historical populations
YearPop.±%
193826,000—    
193925,000−3.8%
194121,500−14.0%
194315,888−26.1%
194520,000+25.9%
197113,599−32.0%
198112,219−10.1%
199110,440−14.6%
19969,905−5.1%
20018,616−13.0%
20068,248−4.3%
20118,493+3.0%
Note: 2011 census population
corrected by Statistics Canada[3]

Kirkland Lake is the ninth largest community in Northern Ontario. Over the past 25 years, the population has declined by nearly 30%, from 12,000 in 1986. This decline, reflecting the closing of the mines that were historically the largest employers in the town, has slowed in recent times. However, between the 2001 census and 2006 census, the population fell by 4.3%, the 24th highest decline in Canada. The 2011 census revealed an increase of 3.0% to 8,493 residents after its originally published 2011 population of 8,133 was corrected by Statistics Canada.[3]

Canada 2006 Census Population % of Total Population
Visible minority group
Source:[20] 		South Asian 10 0.1
Chinese 25 0.3
Black 40 0.5
Filipino 15 0.2
Latin American 0 0
Southeast Asian 0 0
Other visible minority 0 0
Total visible minority population 90 1.1
Aboriginal group
Source:[20] 		First Nations 185 2.3
Métis 260 3.2
Inuit 0 0
Total Aboriginal population 460 5.7
White 7,480 93.2
Total population 8,030 100

Economy

The Miners' Memorial in Kirkland Lake.

The top employers of locals are (As of 2009):[21]

Company Sector Employees
Kirkland Lake Gold Mining >900 (2013)
District School Board Ontario North East Education 180
Veterans Affairs Canada Federal Government 180
Town of Kirkland Lake Municipal Government 145
Kirkland and District Hospital Healthcare 140
Association for Community Living Healthcare 110
Extendicare Healthcare 100
Cabo Drilling Mining 75
Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology Education 75
MacIntyre and Associates Mining Contractor 70
McLellan Transportation Transportation 65
Northeastern Catholic District School Board Education 53
Ontario Provincial Police Law 51
Rosko Forestry Forestry 50
Pettenuzzo's Your Independent Grocer Grocer 50
Timiskaming Child and Family Services Healthcare 45
Siemens Electrical repair 40
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Government 35
Kirkland Lake Power Power Generation 35
Rosko Sawmill Forestry 25

The town experienced an economic decline in the late 1900s, with the closing of the original mines. That ended in 2001, when Foxpoint Resources (now Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. or KLG) bought five of the mining claims in the town and began intensive exploration work. KLG successfully resuscitated the local mining scene, finding new zones of mineralization that, combined with the steadily increasing price of gold, turned the town around. Today, Kirkland Lake is probably one of the most successful communities of its size in Northern Ontario. Some of the more recent developments include:

These good news stories are supplemented by a number of developments occurring regionally that will have a positive impact because KL is the economic hub of the north Timiskaming District, and so the primary supplier of products, people and services to regional activities. For example:

Through the 1990s, one of the town's dominant political and economic controversies surrounded a proposal to ship Toronto's garbage to the Adams Mine, an abandoned open pit mine in Boston Township just outside Kirkland Lake.

Kirkland Lake is also self-sufficient when it comes to power production with a generator that produces up to 117MW.

Kirkland Lake also has a shopping mall with stores including Ardene, The Source, Carlton Cards, Dollarama, easyhome, Hart Stores, North Shore Outfitters, ReMax and Warehouse One.[24]

Arts and culture

Kinross Pond sign
Kinross Pond

The Kirkland Lake area continues to support a strong tourist industry throughout the year. The summers are met with a number of anglers, hunters, and campers looking for adventure. Winters are especially popular as a result of the well maintained snow mobile trails in the area. There are also a number of tourist destinations in the area, including the recently developed Hockey Heritage North. It also has a strong community built on music. Local attractions include:

Homecoming Week

The Kirkland Lake Festivals Committee hosts an annual homecoming week during the week of Canada Day. The event has received Top 100 Festival rankings by Festivals & Events Ontario. Many former residents return home for the celebrations. The 2016 Homecoming Week was held from June 24-July 2 and included live concerts featuring Hedley, Alan Doyle & Arkells.

Other events included free Canada Day celebrations, free kids events, Shakespear in the Park, a BMX, skateboard & scooter extreme park competition, a local food fair, free kids matinees, splash park events, golf tournaments, A day in the park at the Toburn Mine site, fireworks and more.

Musicians who have performed at the Homecoming Week include:

Previous summer concerts (prior to Homecoming Week)

Winter Carnival

The Kirkland Lake Festivals Committee hosts an annual winter carnival beginning in mid-February. With 18 days of events each year, Kirkland Lake's Winter Carnival is one of Canada's longest winter carnivals. Festivals and Events Ontario has honoured the event with multiple Top 100 Festival awards.

The 2016 Kirkland Lake Winter Carnival featured 18 days of events between February 11–28 including: the Alamos Gold $50,000 Ice Fishing Derby, Rotary Hockey Tournament, Kids Winter Jam Party featuring the Stars of Pop, CJKL-FM Carnival Queen Fashion Show & Crowning, 3 nights of Kabaret, Kirkland Lake Skating Club's Ice Show, fireworks, free sleigh rides, a comedy night, free skating parties, a magic show, free kids matinees and the NorthernTel Kids Carnival on the Family Day holiday.

Musicians who have performed at the Winter Carnival include:

Infrastructure

Transportation

Kirkland Lake is served by Ontario Northland bus and railway services (with the train station located in Swastika)[29] and the Kirkland Lake Airport[30] as well as local transportation for people with disabilities[31] and local taxi services as well as connections to the Timmins/Victor M. Power Airport and Rouyn-Noranda Airports.[32] Transportation is also provided to senior citizens and persons with disabilities, through Timiskaming Home Support, which is funded by the North East Local Health Integration Network.[33]

Healthcare

The Kirkland and District Hospital serves the area.

Education

Kirkland Lake has two secondary schools, each catering to a different language group: the École Catholique Jean Vanier, a French Catholic school; and the Kirkland Lake District Composite School, an English secondary school also featuring French immersion instruction (opened in 2006; from 1923 - 2006 students attended Kirkland Lake Collegiate and Vocational Institute, also known as KLCVI).

Elementary schools in Kirkland Lake include Central Public School (French immersion, public), Federal Public School (English, public), Sacred Heart School, (French immersion and English, Catholic), St. Jerome School (French immersion and English, Catholic), and Ecole Assomption (French, Catholic).

The community is also home to a campus of the Northern College of Applied Arts and Technology.

Northern College offers one-, two- and three-year programs in the fields of technology, business, human services, health and emergency services and veterinary sciences. Northern also offers post-diploma, apprenticeship, skills and job re-entry programs funded by the federal and provincial governments. The College also provides job related training. This includes providing the facilities for the delivery of third party programs, or the development of courses to meet the needs of a company.

Kirkland Lake also includes the Teck Centennial Public Library.

Media

The city's primary newspaper is Northern News. Formerly a daily paper, Northern News now publishes three times per week.

Radio

Television

The town is served by rebroadcasters of CITO-TV (CTV) and CBLT (CBC) which are officially licensed to the outlying community of Kearns.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ "KL mines shine at mining competition". Northern News. Tim Creswell.
  2. ↑ "Census Profile: Kirkland Lake, Ontario (Code 3554068) and Timiskaming, Ontario (Code 3554)". 2011 Census. Statistics Canada. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Corrections and updates: Population and dwelling count amendments, 2011 Census". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Barnes, Michael (1995). Gold in Ontario. Erin, Ontario: The Boston Mills Press. p. 49. ISBN 1-55046-146-X.
  5. ↑ "Bylaws". Kirkland Lake Town Council. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pain, S.A. (1960). Three Miles of Gold: The Story of Kirkland Lake. Toronto: The Ryerson Press. p. 63.
  7. ↑ "Kirkland Lake A historical perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  8. ↑ Barnes, Michael. "Life in Kirkland Lake during World War II". Gold in Kirkland Lake. General Store Publishing House. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  9. ↑ "KIRKLAND LAKE (KIRKLAND) CEMETERY". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
  10. ↑ Barnes, Michael (1995). Gold in Ontario. Erin, Ontario: The Boston Mills Press. pp. 55, 56. ISBN 1-55046-146-X.
  11. ↑ "Termini Station". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  12. ↑ "300 evacuate forest fire in Kirkland Lake". Toronto Sun. 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  13. ↑ "Kirkland Lake no longer under state of emergency". CBC.ca. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
  14. ↑ "Kirkland Lake flushes fluoride from drinking water". CBC.ca. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  15. ↑ Cater, D.F. (1991). "Macassa Mine Geology". Society of Economic Geologists. Archean Gold Deposits of the Matachewan-Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake Area, Ontario, Canada (Guidebook Series Vol. II): 9, 12, 15.
  16. ↑ Barnes, Michael (1986). Fortunes in the Ground. Erin, Ontario: The Boston Mills Press. p. 177. ISBN 091978352X.
  17. ↑ "Municipal Government Structure". Discoverkl.ca. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  18. ↑ C. Michael Hogan PhD (2008-11-24). "Black Spruce: Picea mariana". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  19. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000". Environment Canada. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
  20. 1 2 "Pickering, Ontario (City) Census Subdivision". Community Profiles, Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada.
  21. ↑ http://www.sse.gov.on.ca/medt/investinontario/en/Pages/communities_majoremployers.aspx?mun_name=3554068&topic=1
  22. ↑ "History of Kirkland Lake". Town of Kirkland Lake. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  23. ↑ "Hockey Heritage North". Hockey Heritage North. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  24. ↑ "KL Mall directory". Kirkland Lake Mall. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  25. 1 2 Economic Development Division, Town of Kirkland Lake, Kirkland Lake Visitor's Guide, 2009
  26. ↑ "Kirkland Lake Homecoming Week". Kirkland Lake Festivals Committee. Retrieved July 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  27. ↑ "Winter Carnival". Kirkland Lake Festivals Committee. Retrieved July 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  28. ↑ http://klfestivals.com/index.php?id=20
  29. ↑ "Getting Around". Town of Kirkland Lake. Archived from the original on 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  30. ↑ "Local Government". Town of Kirkland Lake. Archived from the original on 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  31. ↑ "Community Services". Town of Kirkland Lake. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  32. ↑ "Community Profile". Town of Kirkland Lake. Archived from the original on 2010-04-04. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
  33. ↑ "Accessible Transportation". Timiskaming Home Support. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
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   Kirkland Lake  
Unorganized West Timiskaming Gauthier
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