Luoyang dialect

The Luoyang dialect is a dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in Luoyang and nearby parts of Henan province.[1]

Luoyang dialect
洛陽話
Native toChina
RegionLuoyang, Henan
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

The old Luoyang dialect serves as the historical standard of Chinese from the Warring States period into the Ming Dynasty, which distinguish from the modern Luoyang dialect.[2] It is because Luoyang switched from Southern to Northern Mandarin over history. According to Lü Shuxiang (1985), "In Northern Song dynasty, the dialects at the Central Plains are still in the southern variety [of Mandarin]; the predecessor of modern Northern Mandarin began as a tiny regional dialect near Khanbaliq".[3][note 1]

Phonology

Initials
  Bilabial Labio-
dental		 Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-
palatal		 Velar
Nasal m   n      
Plosive p  pʰ   t  tʰ     k  kʰ
Affricate     ts  tsʰ tʂ  tʂʰ tɕ  tɕʰ  
Fricative   f  v s ʂ  ʐ ɕ x  ɣ
Lateral     l      
w Labio-velar approximant
ɥ Labio-palatal approximant
j Palatal approximant

Features
  • The Middle Chinese entering tone has a different distribution in the Luoyang dialect than in Standard Mandarin. (See entering tone for more.)
  • Tone contours are different from those in Standard Mandarin.
  • The retroflex and alveolar fricatives are found in different distributions: retroflex fricatives in Standard are often fronted to alveolar fricatives in Luoyang.
  • The distinction between /w/ and /v/, lost in Standard, is maintained in Luoyang.
  • The retroflex series is less retroflexed than in Standard Mandarin and slightly further forward.
  • The alveolo-palatal series is slightly further back than in Standard Mandarin.
  • Standard final /œ/ and /ɑu/ are often backed to [ɔ] in Luoyang. For example, 学 (Standard [ɕɥœ̌]/[ɕɥě], to learn) is [ɕɥɔ], and 角 (Standard [tɕjɑù]/[tɕjàu], horn) is [tɕɥɔ].
  • Standard final /əi/ is pronounced [ɯ] or [i] in certain environments in Luoyang.
  • Standard final /n/ nasalizes the preceding vowel in the Luoyang Dialect.
  • The -儿 suffix is pronounced /ɯ/.

Notes

Footnote
  1. Jerry Norman (1997 [2004]) elaborated further on Luoyang's history of Southern Mandarin.[4]

Citations
  1. Kurparska 2010, p. 165.
  2. Pulleyblank 1983, pp. 2-3; Kaske 2008, p. 44; Dong 2014, p. 45.
  3. 吕叔湘; 江蓝生 (1985). 近代汉语指示代词 [Demonstrative Pronoun in Modern Chinese]. 上海: 学林出版社. 北宋的时候，中原的方言还是属于南方系；现在的北系官话的前身只是燕京(大都)一带的一个小区域的方言
  4. Norman, Jerry (1997). "Some Thoughts on the Early Development of Mandarin". In 余靄芹; 遠藤光暁 (eds.). 橋本萬太郎紀念中国語学論集. Tokyo: 内山書店. An online paywall version is available in Chinese translation, Norman, Jerry (2004). Translated by Mei, Tsu-Lin. "關於官話方言早期發展的一些想法". 《方言》 (4).

References
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