Western State Hospital (Virginia)

Western State Hospital Complex
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Virginia Landmarks Register
Overview of the complex
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Location	Jct. of U.S. 11 and U.S. 250, Staunton, Virginia
Coordinates	38°8′43″N 79°4′5″W / 38.14528°N 79.06806°W / 38.14528; -79.06806Coordinates: 38°8′43″N 79°4′5″W / 38.14528°N 79.06806°W / 38.14528; -79.06806
Area	43.9 acres (17.8 ha)
Built	1828
Architect	William Small Wiliam D. Phillips, Neilson, J.C; DeJarnette, Dr. Joseph, Commonwealth of Virginia
Architectural style	Greek Revival, Classical Revival, Art Deco, Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Agricultural Vernacular
NRHP Reference #	69000362, 07000082, 07000766, 10000097[1]
VLR #	132-0009
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 25, 1969, February 21, 2007, July 24, 2007, March 23, 2010
Designated VLR	May 13, 1969, January 15, 1985, December 6, 2006, June 6, 2007, December 17, 2009[2]

Western State Hospital, called Western State Lunatic Asylum in its early years, is a hospital for the mentally ill in Staunton, Virginia, which admitted its first patient on July 24, 1828.

History

At Western State’s birth in 1828, the asylum's location seemed almost inevitable. Around 1825, significant changes in transportation occurred with improvements to Virginia roads. The most prominent road traveled was an old Iroquois warpath and colonial wagon trail that became the Valley Turnpike in the 1830s. Travel for Americans became “swifter, safer, and more convenient” and the increase in traffic through Staunton helped development and allowed easy transportation of patients throughout the state. In 1828, the ground’s location was on the outskirts of Staunton, but still very close to the downtown district and some residential areas. After the 1828 presidential election, a national trend towards humanitarian causes along with location catalyzed the project’s construction in Staunton specifically: “Staunton was destined to become renowned for educating two groups that had been left out of the traditional academic process- the handicapped and women.” Once the setting for a hospital was decided, the next step was the construction of a suitable structure.^[3] The hospital was renamed Western State Hospital in 1894.

In its early days, the facility was a resort-style asylum. It had terraced gardens where patients could plant flowers and take walks, roof walks to provide mountain views, and many architectural details to create an atmosphere that would aid in the healing process. However, by the mid 19th Century, this utopian model of care had vanished, replaced by overcrowding in the facility and the warehousing of patients. Techniques such as "ankle and wrist restraints, physical coercion, and straitjackets" were used.^[4] After the passage of the Eugenical Sterilization Act of 1924 in Virginia,^[5] patients were forcibly sterilized at Western State^[6] until the law authorizing the practice was repealed in the 1970s.^[7] Later, electroshock therapy and lobotomies were practiced at the facility.^[4] Joseph DeJarnette, a noted eugenicist, was director of the hospital from 1905 to 1943.^[8]

Western State was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1969, but vacated the property in the 1970s when the hospital moved to its present site near Interstate 81. The original facility was then converted to the Staunton Correctional Center, a medium-security men's penitentiary. The prison closed in 2003, and the site was left vacant for several years. In 2005, the state of Virginia gave the property to the Staunton Industrial Authority.^[9] The facility was converted again recently into condominiums called The Villages at Staunton.^[4]

Western State Hospital Complex

The Western State Hospital Complex is a national historic district that encompasses 22 contributing buildings and 4 contributing structures. Notable buildings include the Dairy Barn (1927-1930, 1952), Milk House (1946), Boiler Plant (c. 1895), coal testle (c. 1899), Wheary Building (1935), Laundry and Personnel Quarters (1865), Male and Female Patient Wards (Building #36, 1875), Byrd Building (Building #37, 1928), Doctors’ Residences (1898-1939), The Main Building or Administration Building (Building 12, 1825-1828), The North Building (Building 7, 1835-1840), The Chapel (Building 13, 1843, 1851), and Ward 3 (Building 6, 1842).^{[10][11][12][13][14]}

See also

• Commonwealth Center for Children and Adolescents

Further Reading

• Culbertson, Charles (2014). Western Lunatic Asylum: By-Laws of 1855, Staunton, Virginia. Clarion Publishing. ISBN 978-1500154622. 

References

External links

• A Guide to the Records of Western State Hospital, 1825-1998 at The Library of Virginia
• Photo tour of the abandoned buildings, before redevelopment

U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
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