Direct-shift gearbox

This article is about the Volkswagen Group dual-clutch transmissions. For dual-clutch transmissions in general, see Dual-clutch transmission.
Part-cutaway view of the Volkswagen Group 6-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox. The concentric multi-plate clutches have been sectioned, along with the mechatronics module. This also shows the additional power take-off for distributing torque to the rear axle for four-wheel drive applications. - View this image with annotations
Schematic diagram of a dual-clutch gearbox:
  • M: Motor
  • A: Primary drive, and driving shaft
  • B: Dual clutch
  • C: Driven shaft
  • D: Layshaft, hollow, even gears
  • E: Layshaft, odd gears
  • F: Output

A direct-shift gearbox (German: Direkt-Schalt-Getriebe[1]), commonly abbreviated to DSG,[2][3] is an electronically controlled dual-clutch[2] multiple-shaft manual gearbox, in a transaxle design – without a conventional clutch pedal,[4] and with full automatic,[2] or semi-manual control. The first actual dual-clutch transmissions derived from Porsche in-house development for 962 racing cars in the 1980s.

In simple terms, a DSG is two separate manual gearboxes (and clutches), contained within one housing, and working as one unit.[2][3][5] It was designed by BorgWarner,[4] and is licensed to the Volkswagen Group, with support by IAV GmbH. By using two independent clutches,[2][5] a DSG can achieve faster shift times,[2][5] and eliminates the torque converter of a conventional epicyclic automatic transmission.[2]

Overview

Transverse DSG

At the time of launch in 2003[2][6] - it became the world's first dual clutch transmission in a series production car,[2][6] in the German-market Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32[2][6] and shortly afterwards, worldwide in the original Audi TT 3.2;[7] and for the first few years of production, this original DSG transmission was only available in transversely oriented[2] front-engine, front-wheel-drive — or Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive vehicle layouts.

The first DSG transaxle that went into production for the Volkswagen Group mainstream marques had six forward speeds (and one reverse),[6][7] and used wet/submerged multi-plate clutch packs[2][4] (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ250, parts code prefix: 02E).[7][8] It has been paired to engines with up to 350 N·m (260 lb·ft) of torque,[6][7] and the two-wheel-drive version weighs 93 kg (205 lb). It is manufactured at Volkswagen Group's Kassel plant,[2] with a daily production output of 1,500 units.[6]

At the start of 2008, another world first,[6] an additional 70 kg (150 lb) seven-speed DSG transaxle[6] (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ200, parts code prefix: 0AM)[8][9][10] became available. It differs from the six-speed DSG, in that it uses two single-plate dry clutches (of similar diameter).[10] This clutch pack was designed by LuK Clutch Systems, LLC.[11] This seven-speed DSG is used in smaller front-wheel-drive cars with smaller displacement engines with lower torque outputs,[6][7][10] such as the latest Volkswagen Golf,[6][10] Volkswagen Polo Mk5,[10] and the new SEAT Ibiza.[7] It has been paired to engines with up to 250 N·m (180 lb·ft).[12] It has considerably less oil capacity than the six-speed DQ250; this new DQ200 uses just 1.7 litres (0.37 imp gal; 0.45 US gal) of transmission fluid.[6]

In September 2010, VW launched a new seven-speed DSG built to support up to 600 N·m (440 lb·ft), the DQ500. [13]

Audi longitudinal DSG

In late 2008, an all-new seven-speed longitudinal[7][14] S tronic[14] version of the DSG transaxle went into series production (Volkswagen Group internal code: DL501, parts code prefix: 0B5).[8] Initially, from early 2009, it is only used in certain Audi cars, and only with longitudinally mounted engines. Like the original six-speed DSG, it features a concentric dual wet multi-plate clutch.[14] However, this particular variant uses notably more plates — the larger outer clutch (for the odd-numbered gears) uses 10 plates, whereas the smaller inner clutch (driving even-numbered gears and reverse) uses 12 plates.[14] Another notable change over the original transverse DSGs is the lubrication system[15][16] — Audi now utilise two totally separate oil circuits.[14] One oil circuit, consisting of 7.5 litres (1.65 imp gal; 1.98 US gal), lubricates the hydraulic clutches and mechatronics with fully synthetic specialist automatic transmission fluid (ATF),[14] whilst the other oil circuit lubricates the gear trains and front and centre differentials with 4.3 litres (0.95 imp gal; 1.14 US gal) of conventional hypoid gear oil.[14] This dual circuit lubrication is aimed at increasing overall reliability, due to eliminating cross-contamination of debris and wear particles.[14] It has a torque handling limit of up to 600 N·m (440 lb·ft),[7] and engine power outputs of up to 330 kW (450 PS; 440 bhp).[7] It has a total mass, including all lubricants and the dual-mass flywheel of 141.5 kg (312 lb).[7]

This was initially available in their quattro all-wheel-drive variants,[8] and is very similar to the new ZF Friedrichshafen-supplied[17] Porsche Doppel-Kupplung (PDK).[18][19]

List of DSG variants

Name Ratios Max. torque (N·m) Clutch type
DQ200 7 250 Dry
DQ250 6 400 Wet
DQ380[20] 7 380 Wet
DQ500 7 600 Wet
DQ511 10 550 Wet
DL501 7 600 Wet

Operational introduction

The internal combustion engine drives two clutch packs.[2][4][5] The outer clutch pack drives gears 1, 3, 5[2][4] (and 7 when fitted), and reverse[2] — the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter compared to the inner clutch, and can therefore handle greater torque loadings. The inner clutch pack drives gears 2, 4, and 6.[2][4] Instead of a standard large dry single-plate clutch, each clutch pack for the six-speed DSG is a collection of four small wet interleaved clutch plates (similar to a motorcycle wet multi-plate clutch). Due to space constraints, the two clutch assemblies are concentric, and the shafts within the gearbox are hollow and also concentric.[5] Because the alternate clutch pack's gear-sets can be pre-selected[2][4][5] (predictive shifts enabled via the unloaded section of the gearbox), un-powered time while shifting is avoided[2][5] because the transmission of torque is simply switched from one clutch-pack to the other.[2] This means that the DSG takes only about 8 milliseconds to upshift.[3][4] In comparison, the sequential manual transmission (SMT) in the Ferrari F430 Scuderia takes 60 milliseconds to shift,[21] or 150 milliseconds in the Ferrari Enzo.[3] The quoted time for upshifts is the time the wheels are completely non-powered.

DSG controls

The direct-shift gearbox uses a floor-mounted transmission shift lever, very similar to that of a conventional automatic transmission.[10] The lever is operated in a straight 'fore and aft' plane (without any 'dog-leg' offset movements), and uses an additional button to help prevent an inadvertent selection of an inappropriate shift lever position.

p

P position of the floor-mounted gear shift lever means that the transmission is set in park. Both clutch packs are fully disengaged, all gear-sets are disengaged, and a solid mechanical transmission lock is applied to the crown wheel of the DSG's internal differential. This position must only be used when the motor vehicle is stationary. Furthermore, this is the position which must be set on the shift lever before the vehicle ignition key can be removed.

N

N position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in neutral. Similar to P above, both clutch packs and all gear-sets are fully disengaged; however, the parking lock is also disengaged.

D mode

Whilst the motor vehicle is stationary and in neutral (N), the driver can select D for drive (after first pressing the foot brake pedal). The transmission's reverse gear is selected on the first shaft K1,[3] and the outer clutch K2 engages at the start of the bite point. At the same time, on the alternate gear shaft, the reverse gear clutch K1 is also selected[2][3] (pre-selected), as the gearbox doesn't know whether the driver wants to go forward or reverse. The clutch pack for second gear (K2) gets ready to engage. When the driver releases the brake pedal, the K2 clutch pack increases the clamping force, allowing the second gear to take up the drive through an increase of the bite point, and thereby transferring the torque from the engine through the transmission to the drive shafts and road wheels, causing the vehicle to move forward. Depressing the accelerator pedal engages the clutch and causes an increase of forward vehicle speed. Pressing the throttle pedal to the floor (hard acceleration) will cause the gearbox to "kick down" to first gear to provide the acceleration associated with first, although there will be a slight hesitation while the gearbox deselects second gear and selects first gear. As the vehicle accelerates, the transmission's computer determines when the second gear (which is connected to the second clutch) should be fully used. Depending on the vehicle speed and amount of engine power being requested by the driver (determined by the position of the throttle pedal),[4] the DSG then up-shifts. During this sequence, the DSG disengages the first outer clutch whilst simultaneously engaging the second inner clutch[2][3][4] (all power from the engine is now going through the second shaft), thus completing the shift sequence. This sequence happens in 8 milliseconds (aided by pre-selection),[3][4] and can happen even with full throttle opening, and as a result, there is virtually no power loss.[2][4]

Once the vehicle has completed the shift to second gear, the first gear is immediately de-selected, and third gear (being on the same shaft as 1st and 5th) is pre-selected,[2][3][4] and is pending. Once the time comes to shift into 3rd, the second clutch disengages and the first clutch re-engages.[2] This method of operation continues in the same manner for the remaining forward gears.

Downshifting is similar to up-shifting but in reverse order, and is slower, at 600 milliseconds, due to the engine's Electronic Control Unit, or ECU, needing to 'blip' the throttle so that the engine crankshaft speed can match the appropriate gear shaft speed.[2][4] The car's computer senses the car slowing down, or more power required (during acceleration), and thus engages a lower gear on the shaft not in use, and then completes the downshift.

The actual shift points are determined by the DSG's transmission ECU, which commands a hydro-mechanical unit.[2] The transmission ECU, combined with the hydro-mechanical unit, are collectively called a mechatronics[2] unit or module. Because the DSG's ECU uses fuzzy logic, the operation of the DSG is said to be adaptive; that is, the DSG will "learn" how the user drives the car, and will progressively tailor the shift points accordingly to suit the habits of the driver.

In the vehicle instrument display, between the speedometer and tachometer, the available shift-lever positions are shown, the current position of the shift-lever is highlighted (emboldened), and the current gear ratio in use is also displayed as a number.

Under "normal", progressive and linear acceleration and deceleration, the DSG shifts in a sequential manner; i.e., under acceleration: 1st → 2nd → 3rd → 4th → 5th → 6th, and the same sequence reversed for deceleration. However, the DSG can also skip the normal sequential method, by missing gears, and shift two or more gears.[3] This is most apparent if the car is being driven at sedate speeds in one of the higher gears with a light throttle opening, and the accelerator pedal is then pressed down, engaging the kick-down function. During kick-down, the DSG will skip gears,[10] shifting directly to the most appropriate gear depending on speed and throttle opening. This kick-down may be engaged by any increased accelerator pedal opening, and is completely independent of the additional resistance to be found when the pedal is pressed fully to the floor, which will activate a similar kick-down function when in Manual operation mode. The seven-speed unit in the 2007 Audi variants will not automatically shift to 6th gear; rather, it stays at 5th to keep power available at a high RPM while cruising.

When the floor-mounted gear selector lever is in position D, the DSG works in fully automatic mode,[3][5] with emphasis placed on gear shifts programmed to deliver maximum fuel economy.[3][10] That means that shifts will change up and down very early in the rev-range. As an example, on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 GTI, sixth gear will be engaged around 52 km/h (32 mph), when initially using the DSG transmission with the default ECU adaptation; although with an "aggressive" or "sporty" driving style, the adaptive shift pattern will increase the vehicle speed at which sixth gear engages.

S mode

The floor selector lever also has an S position.[2] When S is selected, sport mode[2] is activated in the DSG. Sport mode still functions as a fully automatic mode,[3] identical in operation to D mode, but upshifts and downshifts are made much higher up the engine rev-range.[2][3][10] This aids a more sporty driving manner,[2] by utilising considerably more of the available engine power, and also maximising engine braking. However, this mode does have a detrimental effect on the vehicle fuel consumption, when compared to D mode. This mode may not be ideal to use when wanting to drive in a sedate manner; nor when road conditions are very slippery, due to ice, snow or torrential rain — because loss of tire traction may be experienced (wheel spin during acceleration, and may also result in road wheel locking during downshifts at high engine rpms under closed throttle). On 4motion or quattro-equipped vehicles this may be partially offset by the drivetrain maintaining full-time engagement of the rear differential in S mode, so power distribution under loss of front-wheel traction may be marginally improved.

S is highlighted in the instrument display, and like D mode, the currently used gear ratio is also displayed as a number.

R

R position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in reverse. This functions in a similar way to D, but there is just one reverse gear. When selected, R is highlighted in the instrument display.

Manual mode

Additionally, the floor shift lever also has another plane of operation, for manual[3][5] mode, with spring-loaded + and − positions. This plane is selected by moving the stick away from the driver (in vehicles with the driver's seat on the right, the lever is pushed to the left, and in left-hand drive cars, the stick is pushed to the right) when in D mode only. When this plane is selected, the DSG can now be controlled like a manual gearbox, albeit only under a sequential shift pattern.

In most (VW) applications, the readout in the instrument display changes to 6 5 4 3 2 1, and just like the automatic modes, the currently used gear ratio is highlighted or emboldened. In other versions (e.g., on the Audi TT) the display shows just M followed by the gear currently selected; e.g., M1, M2, etc.

To change up a gear, the lever is pushed forward (against a spring pressure) towards the +, and to change down, the lever is pulled rearward towards the −. The DSG transmission can now be operated with the gear changes being (primarily) determined by the driver. This method of operation is commonly called tiptronic.[2] In the interests of engine preservation, when accelerating in Manual/tiptronic mode, the DSG will still automatically change up just before the redline, and when decelerating, it will change down automatically at very low revs, just before the engine idle speed (tickover). Furthermore, if the driver calls for a gear when it is not appropriate (e.g., requesting a downshift when engine speed is near the redline) the DSG will not change to the driver's requested gear.[3]

Current variants of the DSG will still downshift to the lowest possible gear ratio when the kick-down button is activated during full throttle whilst in manual mode. In Manual mode this kick-down is only activated by an additional button at the bottom of the accelerator pedal travel; unless this is pressed the DSG will not downshift, and will simply perform a full-throttle acceleration in whatever gear was previously being utilised.

Paddle shifters

Initially available on certain high-powered cars, and those with a "sporty" trim level — such as those using the 2.0 TFSI and 3.2/3.6 VR6 engines[2] — steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters[3][5] were available. However, these are now being offered (either as a standard inclusive fitment, or as a factory optional extra) on virtually all DSG-equipped cars, throughout all model ranges, including lesser power output applications, such as the 105 PS Volkswagen Golf Plus.[10]

These operate in an identical manner as the floor mounted shift lever when it is placed across the gate in manual mode. The paddle shifters have two distinct advantages: the driver can safely keep both hands on the steering wheel when using the Manual/tiptronic mode; and the driver can temporarily manually override either of the automatic programmes (D or S),[10] and gain instant manual control of the DSG transmission[10] (within the above described constraints).

If the paddle-shift activated manual override of one of the automatic modes (D or S) is used intermittently the DSG transmission will default back to the previously selected automatic mode after a predetermined duration of inactivity of the paddles, or when the vehicle becomes stationary. Alternatively, should the driver wish to immediately revert to fully automatic control, this can be done by activating and holding the + paddle[10] for at least two seconds.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

Disadvantages

Applications

For applications of similar transmissions in other vehicles beyond Volkswagen Groups DSG and S tronic, see dual clutch transmission.

Volkswagen Group vehicles with the DSG gearbox include:[8]

Audi

After originally using the DSG moniker, Audi subsequently renamed their direct-shift gearbox to S tronic.

Bugatti

SEAT

Škoda

Volkswagen Passenger Cars

Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles

Problems and recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles

The 7-speed DQ200 and 6-speed DQ250 gearboxes sometimes suffer from power-loss (gear disengaging) due to short-circuiting of wires caused by a build-up of sulphur in the transmission oil.[25]

United States of America

In August 2009, Volkswagen of America issued two recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles. The first involved 13,500 vehicles,[26] and was to address unplanned shifts to the neutral gear,[26] while the second involved similar problems (by then attributed to faulty temperature sensors) and applied to 53,300 vehicles.[26][27][28] These recalls arose as a result of investigations carried out by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),[29] where owners reported to the NHTSA a loss of power whilst driving.[26] This investigation preliminary found only 2008 and 2009 model year vehicles as being affected.[26][29]

Australia

In November 2009, Volkswagen recalled certain Golf, Jetta, EOS, Passat & Caddy equipped with 6-speed DQ250 DSG transmission because the gearbox may read the clutch temperature incorrectly, which leads to clutch protection mode, causing a loss of power.[30]

China

Since 2009 there have been widespread concerns from Chinese consumers particularly among the online community, who expressed that Volkswagen has failed to respond to complaints about defects in its DSG-equipped vehicles. Typical issues associated with 6-speed DSG include abnormal noise and inability to change gear; while issues associated with 7-speed DSG include abnormal noise, excessive shift shock, abnormal increase in engine RPM, flashing gear indicator on the dashboard as well as inability to shift to even-numbered gears.[31] In March 2012 China’s quality watchdog the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) said that it had been in contact with Volkswagen (China) and urged the carmaker to probe the issues.[32][33] In a survey held by Gasgoo.com (China) of 2,937 industry experts and insiders, 83% of respondents believed that the carmaker should consider a full vehicle recall.[34] In March 2012 Volkswagen Group China admitted that there could be an issue in its seven-speed DSG gearboxes that may affect approximately 500,000 vehicles from its various subsidiaries in China.[35] A software upgrade has since been offered for the affected vehicles in an attempt to repair the problem.

According to 163.com - one of China's most popular web portals - in March 2012 about a quarter of the complaints about problems found in cars in China's automotive market were made against DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen.[36] The top five models that dominate those complaints were:

On March 15, 2013, China Central Television aired a program for the World Consumer Rights Day. The program criticized the issue associated with DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen. On March 17, 2013 Volkswagen Group China announced on its official Weibo that it will voluntarily recall vehicles equipped with DSG boxes.[37] Some sources have estimated the failure rate of DSG-equipped vehicles sold in China to be greater than 20,000 per million sold.

Sweden

VW Sweden stopped selling the Passat EcoFuel DSG as a taxi after many cars had problems with the 7 speed DSG gearbox. They instead offered the Touran EcoFuel DSG, which is using an updated version of the same DSG gearbox.[38]

Japan

The recall has been extended to Japan with 91,000 (VW and Audi using the same DSG) being recalled. [39]

Malaysia

13 days after the Singapore recall, Volkswagen Malaysia also announced a recall for the 7-speed DSG. No official statement was released by the company, but it was stated that a total of 3,962 were involved in the unit recall exercise - units produced between June 2010 and June 2011, with affected vehicles being Golf, Polo, Scirocco, Cross Touran, Passat and Jetta models equipped with the transmission. [40]

Worldwide recall

November 14, 2013, Volkswagen Group announced a major worldwide recall over problems with the 7-speed DSG gearbox (model: DQ200) which might lead to loss of power, covering some 1.6m cars including those carrying the Audi, Skoda and SEAT badges. [41]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Volkswagen Service Training Manual 308 - 02E 6-speed DSG
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 "Volkswagen DSG - World's first dual-clutch gearbox in a production car". Volkswagen-Media-Services.com (Press release). Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG. 22 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Twin Clutch / Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) - What it is, how it works". Cars.About.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Mark Wan. "Transmission - Twin-Clutch Gearbox". AutoZine.org. AutoZine Technical School. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "How the Dual Clutch Transmission Works". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "The 7-speed DSG - the intelligent automatic gearbox from Volkswagen". VolkswagenAG.com. Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Volkswagen Group extends reach of dual clutch transmissions". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 ETKA
  9. ↑ Volkswagen Service Training Manual 390 - 0AM 7-speed DSG
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Golf Plus on the Road". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  11. ↑ "LuK Dual Dry Clutch 7-Speed DSG Gearbox in volume production at Volkswagen". LuKclutch.com. Schaeffler Group USA Inc., BÜHL, GERMANY. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  12. ↑ http://en.volkswagen.com/en/innovation-and-technology/technical-glossary/7-gang-dsg-getriebe.html
  13. ↑ http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/themes/2010/01/dsg_the_new_dq500.html
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Inside Audi's premium DCT". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  15. 1 2 "Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  16. 1 2 "Special Transmissions Need Special Lubricants". DCTFacts.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  17. ↑ "ZF 7-speed dual clutch transmission". ZF.com. ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  18. ↑ "Top 911 moves to industry-standard shift controls". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  19. ↑ "Porsche Joins the DCT Set". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  20. ↑ "DQ380". auto.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  21. ↑ Mark Wan (17 October 2007). "Ferrari F430 Scuderia". AutoZine.org. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  22. ↑ "How Dual-Clutch Transmissions Work". AutoEvolution.com. SoftNews NET. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  23. ↑ "Ricardo Extends DCT Production for Open-top Bugatti". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  24. ↑ "Volkswagen (Commercial Vehicles) medium van is first with DCT". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  25. ↑ "Volkswagen in damage limitation mode after recalls". The Australian. 15 June 2013.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Jensen, Christopher (21 August 2009). "VW DSG Transmission Problem Leads to Recall". wheels.blogs.nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  27. ↑ Chang, Richard S. (28 August 2009). "VW Has More Problems With Its DSG Transmission". wheels.blogs.nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  28. ↑ "Volkswagen will repair DSG transmissions on 53,300 vehicles". Blog.CarAndDriver.com. Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc.,. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  29. 1 2 "ODI Resume - Volkswagen of America, Inc., 2008-2009 Volkswagen EOS, GTI, Jetta and R32 with DSG transmission" (PDF)., National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Retrieved 30 November 2009. The direct shift gearbox can malfunction at any speed and cause the vehicle to lose motive power suddenly and without warning
  30. ↑ "Volkswagen—Volkswagen Golf, Jetta, EOS, Passat & Caddy Vehicles". Nov 3, 2009.
  31. ↑ . Global Times http://finance.huanqiu.com/roll/2012-03/2527982.html. Retrieved 2012-04-05. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  32. ↑ . China Daily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-03/14/content_14835905.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-05. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. ↑ "VW urged to probe DSG defects, recall possible". just-auto.com. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  34. ↑ "Analysis: Industry viewpoints on VW's Chinese DSG gearbox controversy". Gasgoo. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  35. ↑ "VW issues software upgrade to resolve gearbox problems, shies away from recall". Gasgoo. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
  36. ↑ . 163.com http://auto.163.com/12/0331/15/7TUFFTKV00084P3B_2.html. Retrieved 2012-04-06. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  37. ↑ . qq.com http://auto.qq.com/a/20130316/000003.htm. Retrieved 2013-03-17. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ↑ http://www.teknikensvarld.se/2012/12/29/37192/volkswagen-passat-slut-som-taxi/ - - Volkswagen Passat slut som taxi
  39. ↑ "Volkswagen recall extended.". drive.com.au. Fairfax Media. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  40. ↑ "VW Malaysia joins recall of 7-speed DSG cars". Volkswagen Malaysia. Asiaone. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  41. ↑ "Volkswagen recalls nearly 3million cars worldwide including 60,000 in UK over faulty gearbox and light fuses.". Volkswagen. Daily Mail. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.

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