C2 domain

C2 domain

The C2-domain of C.absonum α-toxin (PDB 1OLP). β-strands are shown in yellow. Co-ordinated Calcium ions are in cyan
Identifiers
Symbol C2
Pfam PF00168
InterPro IPR000008
SMART C2
PROSITE PDOC00380
SCOP 1qas
SUPERFAMILY 1qas
OPM superfamily 47
OPM protein 1ugk
CDD cd00030
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2

Structure of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol PI3K_C2
Pfam PF00792
InterPro IPR002420
SMART PI3K_C2
PROSITE PDOC50004
SCOP 1e8x
SUPERFAMILY 1e8x
CDD cd08380

A C2 domain is a protein structural domain involved in targeting proteins to cell membranes. The typical version (PKC-C2) has a beta-sandwich composed of 8 β-strands that co-ordinates two or three calcium ions, which bind in a cavity formed by the first and final loops of the domain, on the membrane binding face. Many other C2 domain families don't have calcium binding activity.[2][3]

Coupling with other domains

C2 domains are frequently found coupled to enzymatic domains; for example, the C2 domain in PTEN, brings the phosphatase domain into contact with the plasma membrane, where it can dephosphorylate its substrate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), without removing it from the membrane - which would be energetically very costly. PTEN consists of two domains, a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and a C2 domain. This domain pair constitutes a superdomain, a heritable unit that is found in various proteins in fungi, plants and animals.[4] In addition, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates phosphoinositides on the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring, also uses a C2 domain to bind to the membrane (e.g. 1e8w PDB entry).

Evolution

The C2 domain is currently only known from eukaryotes. Over 17 distinct clades of C2 domains have been identified.[2][3] Most C2 families can be traced back to basal eukaryotic species indicating an early diversification before the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Only the PKC-C2 domain family contains conserved calcium-binding residues, suggesting the typical calcium-dependent membrane interaction is a derived feature limited in PKC-C2 domains.[2]

Lipid selectivity

C2 domains are unique among membrane targeting domains in that they show wide range of lipid selectivity for the major components of cell membranes, including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine. This C2 domain is about 116 amino-acid residues and is located between the two copies of the C1 domain in Protein Kinase C (that bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerol) (see PDOC00379) and the protein kinase catalytic domain (see PDOC00100). Regions with significant homology[5] to the C2-domain have been found in many proteins. The C2 domain is thought to be involved in calcium-dependent phospholipid binding[6] and in membrane targeting processes such as subcellular localisation.

3D structure

3D structure of C2 domains has been reported,[7] the domain forms an eight-stranded beta sandwich constructed around a conserved 4-stranded motif, designated a C2 key.[7] Calcium binds in a cup-shaped depression formed by the N- and C-terminal loops of the C2-key motif. Structural analyses of several C2 domains have shown them to consist of similar ternary structures in which three Ca2+-binding loops are located at the end of an 8 stranded antiparallel beta sandwich.

Human proteins containing C2 domain

ABR; BAIAP3; BCR; C2CD2; C2CD3; CADPS; CADPS2; CAPN5; CAPN6; CC2D1A; CC2D1B; CPNE1; CPNE2; CPNE3; CPNE4; CPNE5; CPNE6; CPNE7; CPNE8; CPNE9; DAB2IP; DOC2A; DOC2B; DYSF; ESYT1; ESYT3; FAM62A; FAM62B; FAM62C; FER1L3; FER1L5; HECW1; HECW2; ITCH; ITSN1; ITSN2; MCTP1; MCTP2; MTAC2D1; NEDD4; NEDD4L; NEDL1; OTOF; PCLO; PIK3C2A; PIK3C2B; PIK3C2G; PLA2G4A; PLA2G4B; PLA2G4D; PLA2G4E; PLA2G4F; PLCB1; PLCB2; PLCB3; PLCB4; PLCD1; PLCD3; PLCD4; PLCE1; PLCG1; PLCG2; PLCH1; PLCH2; PLCL1; PLCL2; PLCZ1; PRF1; PRKCA; PRKCB1; PRKCE; PRKCG; PRKCH; RAB11FIP1; RAB11FIP2; RAB11FIP5; RASA1; RASA2; RASA3; RASA4; RASAL1; RASAL2; RGS3; RIMS1; RIMS2; RIMS3; RIMS4; RPGRIP1; RPGRIP1L; RPH3A; SGA72M; SMURF1; SMURF2; SYNGAP1; SYT1; SYT10; SYT11; SYT12; SYT13; SYT14; SYT14L; SYT15; SYT16; SYT17; SYT2; SYT3; SYT4; SYT5; SYT6; SYT7; SYT8; SYT9; SYTL1; SYTL2; SYTL3; SYTL4; SYTL5; TOLLIP; UNC13A; UNC13B; UNC13C; UNC13D; WWC2; WWP1; WWP2; PTEN

References

  1. ↑ Walker EH, Pacold ME, Perisic O, Stephens L, Hawkins PT, Wymann MP, Williams RL (October 2000). "Structural determinants of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin, LY294002, quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine". Mol. Cell. 6 (4): 909–19. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(05)00089-4. PMID 11090628.
  2. 1 2 3 Zhang D, Aravind L (December 2010). "Identification of novel families and classification of the C2 domain superfamily elucidate the origin and evolution of membrane targeting activities in eukaryotes". Gene. 469 (1–2): 18–30. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2010.08.006. PMC 2965036Freely accessible. PMID 20713135.
  3. 1 2 Zhang D, Aravind L (October 2012). "Novel transglutaminase-like peptidase and C2 domains elucidate the structure, biogenesis and evolution of the ciliary compartment". Cell Cycle. 11 (20): 3861–75. doi:10.4161/cc.22068. PMC 3495828Freely accessible. PMID 22983010.
  4. ↑ Haynie DT, Xue B (2015). "Superdomain in the protein structure hierarchy: the case of PTP-C2". Protein Science. 24: 874–82. doi:10.1002/pro.2664. PMC 4420535Freely accessible. PMID 25694109.
  5. ↑ Hata Y, Hofmann K, Sudhof TC, Brose N (1995). "Mammalian homologues of Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene define novel family of C2-domain proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (42): 25273–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.42.25273. PMID 7559667.
  6. ↑ Davletov BA, Sudhof TC (1993). "A single C2 domain from synaptotagmin I is sufficient for high affinity Ca2+/phospholipid binding". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35): 26386–90. PMID 8253763.
  7. 1 2 Sutton RB, Davletov BA, Berghuis AM, Sprang SR, Sudhof TC (1995). "Structure of the first C2 domain of synaptotagmin I: a novel Ca2+/phospholipid-binding fold". Cell. 80 (6): 929–38. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90296-1. PMID 7697723.

External links

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