900s (decade)
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| Centuries: | 9th century – 10th century – 11th century |
| Decades: | 870s 880s 890s – 900s – 910s 920s 930s |
| Years: | 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 |
| 900s-related categories: |
Births – Deaths – By country Establishments – Disestablishments |
Events
Contents: 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909
900
By area
The Americas
- The Postclassic period starts in Mesoamerica.
- The Maya city-state of Palenque was abandoned.
- The Maya city-state of Copan was abandoned.
- In Peru the Lambayeque people established themselves over areas previously developed by the Moche.
Africa
- By this time the Fatimids broke away from the Abbasids and migrated to North Africa. They were descendants of Mohammad’s daughter, Fatima.
- The east coast of Africa was impacted by trade and Arab, Persian and Indian traders mixed with the indigenous Bantu. Many of the coastal Bantu adopted Islam and the Arabic word Swahili, meaning "people of the shore," to describe themselves. By this time they had reached as far south as Sofala in Mozambique.
Asia
- April 21 – Namwaran and his children, Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are granted pardon by the Lakan of Tondo, as represented Jayadewa, Lord Minister of Pila, which released them of all their debts as inscribed in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Philippines.
- May 28 – victory of the Transoxianian amir Ismail Samani at Balkh over Amr Saffari, the latter is captured and sent to the Abassid caliph in Baghdad.[1] The Samanid dynasty now rules over Khorasan as well as Transoxiana.[2] A few months later, the Samanids also conquer the Zaydid emirate of Tabaristan. The Samanid victory marks also the beginning of the dispersion of the local Shi'ites by the new Sunni power.
- Earliest recorded reference to the Kingdom of Tondo (see above) on the island of Luzon in present-day Philippines.
- Gyeon Hwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.
- In India, beginning of the rule of Maravarman Rajasimha II, king of Pandya.[3]
- The Byzantine offensive against the Muslim troops starts anew in Cilicia, Mesopotamia and Armenia.[4]
- The Qarmatians of Al-Bahrayn, under Abū-Saʿīd Jannābī, score a major victory over the Abbasid army led by Al-'Abbas ibn 'Amr al-Ghanawi.
Europe
- January – the count of Capua Atenulf I conquers the principality of Benevento.[5]
- February 4 – the rule of Louis IV the Child upon Western Francia.[6]
- June 8 – Edward the Elder is crowned king of England at Kingston upon Thames.[7]
- June 17 – Baldwin II, Count of Flanders has Fulk the Venerable, bishop of Reims, assassinated.[8]
- June 29 – the Venetians repel the Magyar raiders at Rialto.[9]
- July – soon after the death of his wife Zoe Zaoutzaina, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise marries Eudokia Baïana.[10]
- August – Abdallah, son of the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in Sicily.[4]
- August 13 – Zwentibold, king of Lotharingia is killed in battle on the Meuse river while fighting against his rebellious subjects; subsequently they recognize the emperor Louis IV as their rightful suzerain.[11]
- October 12 – following Magyars raids in Lombardy, Louis the Blind, king of Provence, is called into the peninsula by the grandees, takes Pavia, forces Berengar of Friuli to flee, and replaces him as crowned king of Italy.[12]
- Constantine II succeeds his cousin Donald II as king of Scotland;[13] he will reign for more than 40 years.
- Docibilis I of Gaeta and his Saracen mercenaries attack Capua, in vain.[14]
- After the rejection of their alliance proposal by the Bavarians, the Hungarians attack this country, occupy Pannonia and parts of Ostmark, which become part of the Hungarian state until today.
By topic
Art
- c. 900 –1230 – Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, is built. Ancestral Pueblo people.
Religion
- April 6 – Pope Benedict IV succeeds Pope John IX as the 117th pope.[15]
Medicine
- The Persian scientist Rhazes distinguishes smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintains "the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow".
901
By place
Africa
- Abu 'Abdullah al-Shi'i leads the rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Aghlabid emirate in Ifriqiya (today Tunisia).[16]
America
- The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at Uxmal.
Asia
- The Kingdom of Hu Goguryeo (later called Taebong) is established by Gung Ye in the Korean peninsula.
- Fuzhou City is expanded with construction of a new city wall ("Luo City").
- Zhu Wen seizes the imperial Tang Dynasty capital.
- Abaoji is elected chieftain of the Yila Tribe of the Khitan.
- January 25 – In Japan, the poet Sugawara no Michizane is exiled to Dazaifu.[17]
Europe
- February 15 or February 22 – Louis the Blind (c.833-928) is crowned Emperor of Occident at Rome.[18] Berenger of Friuli is defeated and has to seek refuge in Bavaria at the court of Louis the Child.[19]
- June 10 – the Aghlabids sack Reggio Calabria.[20]
- July 10 – In al-Andalus Ibn al-Qitt and Abu Ali al-Sarraj, call for the small jihad but are defeated by Alfonso III of Leon at the battle of Zamora.[21]
- Fall[22] – Æthelwold of Wessex, rebels against his cousin Edward the Elder and comes with a fleet to Essex, and encouraged the Danes of East Anglia to rise up.[23]
- The first written mention yet found of Shrewsbury.
By topic
Religion
- January 6 – Speech of Arethas of Caesarea at the occasion of the Epiphany. He becomes the official rhetor at the court of Leo VI the Wise at Constantinople and is nominated the bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia.[24]
- March 1 – Nicholas Mystikos, a layman close to Photios, become patriarch of Constantinople.[25]
902
By place
Africa
Asia
- The Nanzhao dynasty in East Asia is overthrown, followed by three dynasties in quick succession before the establishment of the Kingdom of Dali in 937.
- The Wu State is founded in southern China by Yang Xingmi in present-day Yangzhou.
Europe
- August 1 – Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid army.
- December 13 – the Anglo-Saxon army in Kent defeats the Vikings of East Anglia at the Battle of the Holme.
- The island of Majorca is conquered by the Caliph of Córdoba.
- The Hungarians put an end of the Moravian state, occupying its eastern parts.
903
By place
Asia
- Abaoji is named commander of all Khitan military forces.
- 29 November – The Abbasid army under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib deals a crushing defeat on the Qarmatians under the Sahib al-Shama at the Battle of Hama
Europe
- The Vikings invade England.
By topic
Religion
- July or August – Leo V succeeds Benedict IV as the 118th pope.
904
By place
Asia
- The Byzantines under Andronikos Doukas defeat the Arab garrisons of Mopsuestia and Tarsos near Marash.
- Chang'an, the capital of Tang dynasty China and the largest city in the ancient world, is destroyed.
- September 22 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of Tang dynasty China, after seizing control of the imperial government.
- The Abbasids invade the Tulunid emirate of Egypt.
Europe
- July 29 &ndash
- Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessalonica, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
- The Bavarians kill an important leader (gyula or horka) of the Hungarian tribal confederation, Kurszán in an ambush.
- In Portugal, for the third time in less than 30 years, the Christians take control of Coimbra, this time for almost a century.[27]
By topic
Religion
- January 29 – Pope Sergius III succeeds Pope Leo V and the deposed Antipope Christopher (both of whom are murdered or exiled) as the 119th pope; he begins the era of the Pornocracy.
905
By place
Africa
- The Abbasid Caliphate re-establishes control over Egypt, ending the autonomy of the Tulunids. The province is soon shaken by a pro-Tulunid rebellion under Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji, however, which succeeds in taking Fustat and defeating an Abbasid army under Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh in December, before being suppressed in May 906.
Asia
- Under the imperial order of Emperor Daigo, four poets are selected to compile the Kokin Wakashū, an anthology of poetry.
- Himerius, the Logothete of the Drome, wins a victory over the Arab fleet in the Aegean Sea.
- Zhu Wen kills most of the Tang Dynasty imperial family.
- Abaoji of the Khitan swears brotherhood with Shatuo Turk Li Keyong.
Europe
- July 21 – Hungarians defeat on the northern Italian Peninsula the army of the Italian emperor Louis of Provence, who attacked their ally, Berengar of Friuli. They take Louis as prisoner and give him in the hands of Berengar, who blinds him.
- Berengar of Friuli succeeds Louis the Blind as King of Italy.
- Naum of Preslav founds a monastery at Lake Ohrid.
- Sancho I succeeds Fortun I as King of Pamplona and creates a Basque kingdom centered in Navarre.
906
By place
Asia
- Abbasid commander Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid into Byzantine Asia Minor, reaching the Halys River and taking 4,000–5,000 captives.
Europe
- Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts to establish themselves as dukes of Franconia. Conrad the Elder is killed in the battle. His son Conrad the Younger is elected king Conrad I of the East Franconian Empire in 911.
- June – Saxony is plundered by two Hungarian armies.
By topic
Religion
- Synod at Scone: Scottish Christian pastors unite for gospel reformation without the interference or authority of Pope Sergius III in Rome.
907
By place
Asia
- Start of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China.
- February 27 – Yelü Abaoji, Great Khan of the Khitan people, is enthroned as Emperor Taizu of Liao, establishing the Liao dynasty in northern China.
- May 12 – The short-lived Qi kingdom is founded by Li Maozhen in northwest China.
- June 1
- The Tang dynasty ends with abdication to Later Liang founded by Zhu Wen in northern China, first of the Five Dynasties.
- The Former Shu kingdom is founded by Wang Jian in Chengdu, first of the Ten Kingdoms.
- The Wuyue kingdom is founded by Qian Liu in Hangzhou.
- Oleg of Novgorod leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople in the Rus'–Byzantine War, concluded by the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (in which the city of Chernihiv in the Ukraine is first mentioned).
Europe
- July 4–7 – Battle of Pressburg: At "Brezalauspurc" (probably modern-day Bratislava in Slovakia) the advancing East Francian army is annihilated by the Hungarians. Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria and Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg are killed, together with totally 19 dukes, 2 bishops and 3 abbots; thus East Francia loses control of the March of Pannonia.
Religion
- February 1 – Nicholas Mystikos is deposed as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (having fallen out with the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI) and replaced by Euthymius Syncellus.
908
By place
Asia
- March 26 – Zhu Wen has Li Zhu, the last Tang dynasty emperor, poisoned.
- December 17 – Husayn ibn Hamdan leads an attempt to depose the newly-appointed Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, al-Muqtadir, and install his uncle Ibn al-Mu'tazz. The plotters kill vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i but fail to capture al-Muqtadir, leading to the coup's collapse.
Byzantine Empire
- May 15 – Patriarch Euthymius I of Constantinople crowns the infant Constantine VII as co-emperor.
Europe
- The Battle of Belach Mugna is fought in Ireland.
- August 2 – An invading Hungarian army defeats the Thuringian army of margrave Burchard, in the Battle of Eisenach, killing him, together with count Egino and Rudolf, bishop of Würzburg.
Middle East
- Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.
909
By place
Africa
- The Aghlabid dynasty in North Africa is overthrown by the Fatimids.
- The Berber Kutama tribesmen, allied to the Fatimid, take and destroy the capital city of the Rustamid imamate, Tihert. The remaining Ibadi are forced into the desert.
America
- The last Long Count date is inscribed on a monument at the Mayan site of Toniná in modern day Chiapas, Mexico, marking the end of the classic Maya period.
Asia
- The Min Kingdom is established in today's Fujian Province, with Fuzhou (then known as Changle) as its capital, by Wang Shenzhi.
References
- ↑ Par Ṭabarī (translated by Franz Rosenthal) (1985). The return of the Caliphate to Baghdad. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-876-9.
- ↑ René Grousset (1885-1952) (1965) [1938]. L'empire des steppes, Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan (PDF) (4 ed.). Paris: Payot.
- ↑ N. Jayapalan (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
- 1 2 Louis Bréhier (1946). Vie et mort de Byzance (PDF). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 596.
- ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz Before the Normans University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996 ISBN 978-0-8122-1587-8
- ↑ Jacques Flach Les Origines de l'ancienne France. Volume 4 Ayer Publishing ISBN 978-0-8337-1147-2
- ↑ N. J. Higham, David Hill Edward the Elder, 899-924 Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1
- ↑ Heinrich Joseph Wetzer Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la théologie catholique Gaume frères et J. Duprey, 1864
- ↑ Enrico Guidoni La ville européenne: formation et signification du quatrième au onzième siècle Editions Mardaga, 1981 ISBN 978-2-87009-133-3
- ↑ Theodora Antonopoulou The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI BRILL, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-10814-1
- ↑ A. Charguéraud Les batards célèbres M. Lévy, 1859
- ↑ Charles Albert Cingria La reine Berthe L'Age d'Homme, 1992 ISBN 978-2-8251-0347-0
- ↑ Fiona Somerset Fry The history of Scotland Routledge, 1985 ISBN 978-0-415-06601-3
- ↑ Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani XL Di Fausto – Donadoni. Rome, 1991.
- ↑ Artaud de Montor Histoire des souverains pontifes romains Didot, 1846
- ↑ T.W. Arnold E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 9 BRILL, 1987 ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6
- ↑ Éric Faure Les fêtes traditionnelles à Kyôto : un voyage dans les traditions de l'ancien Japon Editions L'Harmattan, 2003 ISBN 978-2-7475-5451-0
- ↑ Charles Albert Cingria La reine Berthe L'AGE D'HOMME, 1992 ISBN 978-2-8251-0347-0
- ↑ Marie Nicolas Bouillet Atlas universel d'histoire et de géographie, Volume 1 L. Hachette, 1865
- ↑ Giovanni Fiore Della Calabria illustrata, Volume 3 Rubbettino Editore srl, 1999 ISBN 978-88-498-0196-5
- ↑ Jean-Michel Poisson Frontière et peuplement dans le monde méditerranéen au Moyen Âge: actes du colloque d'Erice, Trapani (Italie), tenu du 18 au 25 septembre 1988, Volume 4 Casa de Velázquez, 1992 ISBN 978-2-7283-0256-7
- ↑ Anglo-Saxons.net : Edward the Elder
- ↑ N. J. Higham, David Hill Edward the Elder, 899-924 Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1
- ↑ Michael Grünbart Theatron : rhetorische Kultur in Spätantike und Mittelalter Walter de Gruyter, 2007 ISBN 978-3-11-019476-0
- ↑ Theodora Antonopoulou The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI BRILL, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-10814-1
- ↑ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp.26.
- ↑ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
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