880s

Events

Contents: 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889

880

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Battle of Cephalonia: An Byzantine fleet under admiral Nasar is send by emperor Basil I to the Ionian Islands. Nasar defeats the Aghlabids in a night battle near Cephalonia (modern Greece).
• May 1 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople by patriarch Photius I, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.^[1][2]

Europe

• February 2 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King Louis III is defeated by the Norse Great Heathen Army at Lüneburg Heath. The Saxons are routed in a snowstorm, many drown in the river or are captured during the retreat.
• Battle of Thimeon: King Louis III ("the Younger") defeats Vikings (probably Norsemen) from England (near Charleroi) north of the River Sambre. During the battle 5,000 Vikings are killed.
• Battle of Fjaler: King Harald Fairhair moves east along the Norwegian coast with his fleet. He defeats his rival Atle Mjove at Fjaler in Sunnfjord and lands with his longships at Tønsberg.
• December – Treaty of Ribemont: Louis the Younger and the kings of the West Frankish Kingdom sign a treaty. The young Frankish monarch, Louis III, is reduced to merely Neustria.
• Lambert I, duke of Spoleto, dies while besieging the city of Capua. He is succeeded by his son Guy II.
• Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund (approximate date).

Asia

• Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese statesman, creates the position of regent (kampaku) for himself. The Fujiwara clan will be able to dominate the government for more than 3 centuries.
• December 22 – Luoyang, eastern Chinese capital of the Dynasty, is captured by rebel leader Huang Chao during the reign of emperor Xi Zong.

By topic

Religion

• Pope John VIII issues the bull Industriae Tuae, creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with archbishop Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic is recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
• The first known Christian bishopric in Slovakia is established in the city of Nitra, with Wiching as bishop.

881

By place

Europe

• February 12 – King Charles the Fat, the third son of the late Louis the German, is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by pope John VIII at Rome.
• August 3 – Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: The West Frankish kings Louis III and his brother Carloman II route Viking raiders (near Abbeville).

Britain

• Battle of the Conwy: King Anarawd of Gwynedd (Wales) initiates a revenge attack on the Mercian armies and defeats them on the River Conwy.
• Anarawd and his brothers Cadell and Merfyn begin extensive military campaigns to quell resistance in Powys and Seisyllwg (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

• Zanj Rebellion: Abbasid general Al-Muwaffaq lays siege to the Zanj capital of Mukhtara, using his base on the opposite side of the River Tigris.

Asia

• Bakong, the first temple mountain of sandstone, is constructed by rulers of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia) at Angkor.

By topic

Religion

• St. Cecilia's Church (Cäcilienkirche) is founded as a college for women. It is now kept at the Schnütgen Museum in Cologne.

882

By place

Europe

• January 20 – King Louis the Younger dies in Frankfurt. He leaves his territory to his younger brother, emperor Charles the Fat who becomes sole ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom.
• Siege of Asselt: Charles the Fat besieges a Viking camp who has plundered along the Meuse, the Rhine and the Moselle. He defeats their leader Godfrid and grants him West Frisia.
• August 5 – King Carloman II becomes sole ruler of the West Frankish Kingdom after the accidental death of his brother, Louis III. His power is limited by rebellious nobles in Burgundy.
• Oleg of Novgorod takes Kiev and makes it his capital starting in Russia and Eastern Europe forming the Kievan Rus' replacing the 19-year-long Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate.

Britain

• King Alfred the Great increases the size of his new navy and sails out to attack four Viking ships. Two of the ships are captured (before they surrender) and the other crews are killed.^[3]

Arabian Empire

• December – Ishaq ibn Kundaj, a Turkic military leader, arrests the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tamid when the latter (and his followers) tries to flee into Tulunid territory.

By topic

Religion

• December 16 – Pope John VIII is assassinated at Rome after a 10-year reign, probably the victim of a political conspiracy. He is succeeded by Martinus II as the 108th pope of the Catholic Church.

883

By place

Europe

• Spring – Viking raiders ravage Flanders and sack the abbey at Saint-Quentin. King Carloman II blocks their passage at Laviers on the banks of the Somme. Meanwhile, Vikings enter the Rhine but are turned back by Henry of Franconia (margrave of Saxony). They over-winter at Duisburg.
• King Charles the Fat travels to Nonantola (Northern Italy), where he meets pope Martinus II. He receives complaints of Guy II of Spoleto, official "protector" of Rome, who has invaded the Papal States. Charles orders Guy to appear before a tribunal.
• Guy II of Spoleto begins a revolt and assembles an army supported with Arab auxiliaries. Charles the Fat sends Berengar of Friuli with a expeditionary force to deprive him of Spoleto. Berengar's army is hit by an epidemic and forced to retire.^[4]
• Svatopluk I, ruler (knyaz) of Great Moravia, conquers Lower Pannonia (modern Hungary) during the succession strife in the East Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).
• First historic document (written by Regino of Prüm) mentioning Duisburg.

Arabian Empire

• The Zanj Rebellion: Abbasid general Al-Muwaffaq brings in Egyptian forces to help him in his 2-year siege of the Zanj capital Mukhtara. He captures the city and crushes the revolt that has devastated Chaldea (modern Iraq) since 869.
• September 11 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid governor of Tarsus, routs a Byzantine army under general Kesta Styppiotes in a night attack. According to Arab chroniclers 70,000 out of 100,000 Byzantine troops are killed.^[5]

884

By place

Europe

• March 1 – Diego Rodríguez Porcelos, count of Castile, founds and repopulates (repoblación) Burgos and Ubierna (Northern Spain) under the mandate of king Alfonso III of Asturias.^[6]
• Summer – King Carloman II reverts to the former fall-back of 'pay and pray', buying (with Danegeld) a truce at Amiens while he raises 12,000 lbs of silver for the Vikings to depart.
• December 12 – Carloman II dies after a hunting accident. He is succeeded by his cousin, emperor Charles the Fat, who for the last time reunites the Frankish Empire.

Britain

• King Æthelred II of Mercia marries princess Æthelflæd, daughter of king Alfred the Great. He accepts Wessex overlordship and demotes himself to become "Lord of the Mercians".

Arabian Empire

• January 6 – Hasan ibn Zayd, founder of the Zaydid Dynasty, dies after a 20-year reign at Amul. He is succeeded by his brother Muhammad as emir of Tabaristan.
• May 10 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, founder of the Tulunid Dynasty, dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Khumarawayh as ruler of Egypt and Syria.
• Fall – The Arabs sack in two raids (September and November) the abbey of Monte Cassino. The bulk of the monastic community flee to Teano (Campania).

Asia

• March 4 – Emperor Yōzei is forced to abdicate the throne by Fujiwara no Mototsune, chancellor (kampaku) of the Japanese royal court. He is succeeded by his great-uncle Kōkō.
• The Huang Chao rebellion is suppressed by forces of emperor Xi Zong, with the help of the Shatuo Turks. Chinese warlords rule the country, instead of the imperial government.

By topic

Religion

• May 15 – Pope Martinus II dies at Rome after a reign of less than 1½ years. He is succeeded by Adrian III (also referred to as Hadrian III) as the 109th pope of the Catholic Church.

885

By place

Europe

• Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at Lobith (modern Netherlands) and accuses Hugh, an illegitimate son of former king Lothair II, and his vassal Godfrid (the Sea King) of plotting against him. Hugh is blinded and exiled to the Abbey of Saint Gall (modern Switzerland). Godfrid is killed by a group of Frisian and Saxon nobles at the connivance of Henry of Franconia. The local count Gerolf takes over the West Frisian coastline from the Danish after the murder.
• Summer – Charles the Fat designates his illegitimate son Bernard, as his heir, ignoring the claims of his nephew Arnulf of Carinthia (illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria) and Charles the Simple (5-year-old son of king Louis the Stammerer). The Frankish bishops protest, so Charles summons pope Adrian III to an assembly in Worms to resolve the issue. Adrian leaves Rome in the hands of bishop John of Pavia. He heads to Germany, but dies on the way — just after crossing the River Po.^[7]
• November 25 – Siege of Paris: Viking forces under the Norse chieftains Sigfred and Sinric sail up the River Seine for eastern France with a fleet of 300 longships (10,000 men). They appear before Paris and offer to spare the city if they are allowed free passage by paying them tribute (Danegeld). Their request is denied and the Vikings begin the siege by attacking the northeast tower with ballistae, mangonels and catapults. All Viking attacks are repulsed by Odo, Count of Paris, who defends the city with a small garrison (about 200 men). Sigfred decides to withdraw, and builds a camp on the right side of the river bank. Meanwhile he mines the city and scoures the countryside for provisions.

Britain

• King Alfred the Great summons Asser, a relative of bishop Nobis of St. David's, to the English court. He agrees to spend six months of the year in the king's service. Asser helps to negotiate the recognition of Alfred as overlord of the Welsh kings.
• Danish Vikings embark in Kent and besiege Rochester. By improving the defences of the major towns, the city holds out long enough for Alfred the Great to organize an army. He forces the Vikings to flee back across the Channel to the Continent.
• Kings Hyfaidd of Dyfed, Elisedd of Brycheiniog and Hywel of Glywysing, being harassed by the armies of king Anarawd, seek the protection of Alfred the Great and submit to his overlordship. Anarawd seeks an alliance with king Guthred of York.

Arabian Empire

• Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the Abbasid Caliphate under Al-Mu'tadid are defeated near Ramlah (modern Israel) by Khumarawayh, ruler of the Tulunid Dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh, aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.^[8][9]

By topic

Religion

• July 8 – Pope Adrian III dies after a 1½ reign near Modena (Lombardy) while en route to an Imperial Diet, summoned by Charles the Fat at Worms. He is succeeded by Stephen V as the 110th pope of the Catholic Church.

886

By place

Byzantine Empire

• August 29 – Emperor Basil I (the Macedonian) dies from a fever contract after a hunting accident. He is succeeded by the 19-year-old Leo VI, a son of former emperor Michael III, as sole ruler (basileus) of the Byzantine Empire. After his coronation Leo reburies, with great ceremony, the remains of his father in the imperial mausoleum within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.^[10]

Europe

• October – Siege of Paris: Count Odo slips through Viking-controlled territory to ask king Charles the Fat for support. He returns with a relief force, and reaches safety within the walls. Charles arrives later with a large army, and establishes a camp at Montmartre. After negotiations he promise the Vikings tribute (Danegeld) and allows them to sail up the River Seine to over-winter in Burgundy.

Britain

• King Alfred the Great of Wessex recaptures London from the Danish Vikings and renames it Lundenburh. Slightly upstream from London Bridge he builds a small harbor called Queenhithe. Alfred hands the town over to his son-in-law Æthelred, lord of Mercia. A street system is planned out in the town, with boundaries of 1,100 yards from east to west and around 330 yards from north to south.^[11]

By topic

Religion

• December – Emperor Leo VI dismisses patriarch Photius I, who has been his tutor, and replaces him with his own brother Stephen I.^[12]
• The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionaries from Constantinople, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire.
• Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, establishes the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.

887

By place

Europe

• November 17 – East Frankish magnates revolt against the inept emperor Charles III (the Fat) in an assembly at Frankfurt and depose him. His nephew Arnulf of Carinthia, the illegitimate son of former king Carloman of Bavaria, is elected ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. Charles yields his throne without a struggle and retires to Neidingen.
• December 26 – In an assembly at Pavia (Northern Italy) the lords of Lombardia elect Berengar I, a grandson of former emperor Louis the Pious (through his daughter Gisela), as king of Italy and is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. After the disposition of Charles the Fat the nobility chooses Ranulf II as duke (or 'king') of Aquitaine.

Japan

• August 26 – Emperor Kōkō abdicates the throne and soon dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Uda as the 59th emperor of Japan.

Arabian Empire

• The city of Toledo rises against the Umayyad Dynasty in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).^[13]

888

By place

Europe

• January 13 – Emperor Charles III (the Fat) dies at Neidingen, after having suffer repeat illnesses that may have been epilepsy. The Frankish Empire is split again, and falls apart into separate kingdoms. Count Odo, the hero of the Siege of Paris, is elected king of the West Frankish Kingdom and crowned at Compiègne by Walter, archbishop of Sens.^[14] Other Frankish nobleman support the 8-year-old Charles the Simple (the posthumous son of the late king Louis the Stammerer).
• October – Alan I (the Great), count of Vannes and his rival Judicael unite their forces to defeat the Vikings at Questembert (or 889). Judicael is killed, in an notable victory for the Bretons with 15,000 Vikings crushed, some few 400 escaping to their ships. In command of a 'united' Breton force Alan is able to drive the Vikings back to the Loire River. Alan becomes sole ruler of Brittany and over the Frankish counties of Rennes, Nantes, Coutances and Avranches.
• Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads a East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he has recognition of overlordship over France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass and meets king Berengar I at a peace conference at Trent. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy) and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia and returns to Germany.

Britain

• Lord Æthelred II of the Mercians is struck down with a debilitating illness. His wife, princess Æthelflæd (a daughter of Alfred the Great) of Wessex joins him as joint ruler of Mercia (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

• Al-Mundhir, Moorish emir of Córdoba, dies after a 2-year reign. He is possibly murdered by his brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi who succeeds him as ruler of the Emirate of Córdoba.

China

• April 20 – Emperor Xi Zong (Li Xuan) dies of illness at Chang'an after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old brother Zhao Zong as ruler of the Tang Dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• Shaftesbury Abbey is founded by king Alfred the Great in Dorset. He installs his daughter Æthelgifu as first abbess (approximate date).

889

By place

Europe

• Guy III, duke of Spoleto, defeats the Lombard king Berengar I at the Trebbia River and is acclaimed as king of Italy at an assembly in Pavia. After confirming some privileges to the Catholic Church, he is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy by pope Stephen V.^[15] Berengar is forced to retreat to Verona, Guy does not pursue him into Friuli because of the (possible) wrath of king Arnulf of Carinthia.
• Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, abdicates the throne after a 37-year reign and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded by his eldest son Vladimir as monarch of Bulgaria. Vladimir falls under the influence of the old boyars, many remain anti-Christian and anti-Byzantine. He attemps to restore the former Frankish alliance and to reestablish paganism.^[16]
• Arnulf of Carinthia has his illegitimate son Zwentibold recognized as heir of the East Frankish Kingdom. He supports the claim of Louis the Blind as king of Provence, after receiving a personal appeal from Louis's mother, Ermengard, who comes to see Arnulf at Forchheim (Northern Bavaria).^[17] Arnulf grants the town of Osnabrück trade and coinage privileges.
• A ship carrying about twenty Arab freebooters from Pechina in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), set anchor in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They establish a fortified base at Fraxinet (modern-day La Garde-Freinet). After raiding the surrounding area, the Muslim colony is bolstered by contingents of Saracen adventurers.
• The Magyars, an Ugric tribe from the steppe of Central Asia move west under the leadership of Árpád. They are pushed by their rivals, the Pechenegs, into the Balkan Peninsula and become entangled in a war between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. The Magyars head north and settle in Great Moravia.
• In Italy, Forlì becomes a republic for the first time. The city is allied with the Ghibelline faction in the medieval struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
• In Portugal, the count of Coimbra, Hermenegildo Gutiérrez reconquers Coimbra temporarily lost after the first conquest of 878.^[18]

Britain

• Kings Eochaid and Giric of Alba and Strathclyde (modern Scotland) are deposed by Viking invaders. They are succeeded by Donald II, the son of the late Constantine I, who becomes king of Scotland.
• Lord Æthelred II and lady Æthelflæd (a daughter of king Alfred the Great) of the Mercians begin their policy of fortifying Mercian cities as defensive burghs, starting with Worcester (approximate date).

Asia

• The Unified Silla kingdom (modern Korea) under king Jinseong seeks to collect taxes by force from peasants, setting off massive peasant rebellions (approximate date).
• Indravarman I, ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia), dies and is succeeded by his son Yasovarman I, called the Leper King (or 890).
• April – The Japanese era Ninna ends and Kanpyō begins until 898.

By topic

Religion

• Bongwon Temple, located in Seoul (modern South Korea), is founded by the Korean Buddhist master Doseon.

Significant people

• Charles the Fat
• Alfred the Great
• Basil I

References