890s
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| Centuries: | 8th century – 9th century – 10th century |
| Decades: | 860s 870s 880s – 890s – 900s 910s 920s |
| Years: | 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 |
| 890s-related categories: |
Births – Deaths – By country Establishments |
Events
Contents: 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899
890
By place
Europe
- The Frankish nobles who have ruled Provence in anarchy (since 887) declare Louis the Blind (a son of the late usurper king Boso) ruler of Lower Burgundy at an assembly at Valence.
- The sovereignty of Svatopluk I, ruler (knyaz) of Moravia, in Bohemia is confirmed. Lusatia becomes a part of his kingdom (approximate date).
Britain
- King Alfred the Great begins to commission and undertake a series of translations into Old English, beginning with his own version of pope Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care.
- Lord Æthelred II and lady Æthelflæd (a daughter of Alfred the Great) of the Mercians found the Priory of St. Oswald in Gloucester (probably originally dedicated to St. Peter).[1]
- Ohthere of Hålogaland, a Norse Viking seafarer, narrates the story of his travels to Alfred the Great, who arranges for it to be written down.
- King Anarawd ap Rhodri of Gwynedd makes the first ceremonial visit to an English court (that of Alfred the Great).
- King Donald II of Scotland expels the British aristocracy of Strathclyde. They flee south to North Wales.
- The town of Kirby Muxloe in modern-day Leicestershire is founded in England (approximate date).
891
By place
Europe
- February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope Stephen V. His son Lambert is proclaimed king of Italy at the capital of Pavia in Lombardy.[2]
- Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longobardia.[3]
- Battle of Leuven: Viking raiders on the Dyle River (near Leuven) in modern-day Flanders suffer a crushing defeat by Frankish forces under king Arnulf of Carinthia.
Arabian Empire
- Muslim forces led by Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, defeat the rebel leader Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).
- June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, an Abbasid prince, dies at the capital of Baghdad. His son Al-Mu'tadid is recognized as regent and second heir of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Japan
- February 25 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese statesman, dies. Having forced the resignation of the emperor Yōzei. He becomes the head of the Fujiwara clan.
By topic
Religion
- September 14 – Pope Stephen V dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Formosus, former cardinal bishop of Portus, as the 111th pope of the Catholic Church.
892
By place
Europe
- Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by king Arnulf of Carinthia. East Frankish forces and their Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.[4][5]
- Vladimir, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, signs a military alliance with Arnulf of Carinthia of the East Frankish Kingdom this against the pro-Byzantine policy of his father.
Britain
- Autumn – A Viking force with a fleet of 250 longships arrives at the river mouth of the settlement of Lympne (East Kent). They attack the small fortification (called Eorpeburnan).[6]
- Viking raiders (80 ships) under Hastein arrive in the Thames Estuary and set up camp at Middleton. King Alfred the Great decides to position his army in the Wealden forest.[7]
Arabian Empire
- April – Al-Mu'tadid, the de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate, removes his cousin Al-Mufawwad from succession, and becomes himself caliph after the death of Al-Mu'tamid.
- May – Ibrahim II, Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya, sends an large army to Palermo to impose Arab authority from Kairouan. After a uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.[8]
- Summer – The Persian nobility installs Isma'il ibn Ahmad, the former governor of Transoxiana, as ruler (emir) of the Samanid Empire after the death of his brother Nasr I.
Asia
- Former Silla general Gyeon Hwon seizes the cities of Wansanju and Mujinju taking over the territory of Baekje. He wins the support of the people and declares himself king.[9]
893
By place
Europe
- Vladimir, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his father Boris I with help from loyal boyars. He is blinded and succeeded by his brother Simeon I as prince of Bulgaria; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. Simeon makes an alliance with the Pechenegs (or Patzinaks), a semi-nomad Turkic tribe from the Central Asian steppes.[10]
- An East Frankish expeditionary force under Zwentibold, the eldest son of king Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the Alps into Friuli. He makes junction at Verona with the army of the deposed king Berengar I and proceed to lay siege to Pavia. After three month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to Bavaria, in case of a Magyar intervention.
- The 13-year-old Charles III (the Simple), the posthumous son of Louis the Stammerer, is crowned king of the West Frankish Kingdom at the Reims Cathedral—though he is recognized as such by king Odo (or Eudes) until 898.[11]
- King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).
- Galindo II Aznárez succeeds his father Aznar II Galíndez as count of Aragon (until 922).
Britain
- Spring – Prince Edward, the son of king Alfred the Great, defeats the Danish Viking raiders at Farnham and forces them to take refuge on Thorney Island. At the same time Danes from East Anglia sail around the Cornish coast and besiege Exeter.[12]
- Spring – An Viking army under Hastein moves to a fortified camp at Benfleet (Essex). The Danish camp is captured by the Saxons while the army is out raiding. Hastein is forced to retreat to Shoebury.[13]
- Summer – An combined Welsh and Mercian army under lord Æthelred besieges an Viking camp at Buttington. The Danes escape with heavy losses and take their families to safety in East Anglia.[14]
- Autumn – Danish Vikings under Hastein take the city of Chester after a rapid march from East Anglia. Alfred the Great destroys the food supplies, forcing them to move into Wales.[15]
- Asser, bishop of Sherborne, writes his Life of King Alfred in Wessex. He studies for 6 months each year in Alfred's household.
Arabian Empire
- Spring – Caliph Al-Mu'tadid recognizes Khumarawayh as autonomous emir over Egypt and Syria, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars. The Jazira provinces of Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar are returned to the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim forces recover direct control of Mosul (modern Iraq) from the Shayban.[16]
Eurasia
- December 28 – A earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.
By topic
Religion
- Council of Preslav: The Byzantine clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with Old Bulgarian (also known as Old Church Slavonic) as an official language.
- King Yasovarman I (called the Leper King) of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia) dedicates the Lolei Temple of the Roluos group to the god Shiva and the royal family.[17]
894
By place
Europe
- The Vikings in Northumbria and East Anglia swear allegiance to king Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the south-west of England.
- Battle of Benfleet: Danish Viking forces retire to Essex after being deprived of food by Alfred the Great (see 893). They draw their longships up the rivers the Thames and the Lea (or Lee), entrenching themselves at Benfleet. The Saxons attack the fortified camp and defeat the Vikings.
- Svatopluk I, ruler (knyaz) of Great Moravia, dies after a 34-year reign in which he has united the Slav tribes in his kingdom. He is succeeded by his eldest son Mojmir II. The Principality of Nitra (modern Slovakia) is given as an appanage to his brother Svatopluk II.
- A Byzantine-Hungarian alliance forces Bulgar invaders to agree to a peace settlement. The Byzantines then break the peace settlement with the Hungarians and realign with the Bulgars; this substantially weakens both the Hungarians and Bulgars to the Byzantines' benefit.
- Serbian ruler Petar defeats his revolting cousin Bran.
Japan
- Emperor Uda orders to cease commercial relations (called Imperial Japanese embassies to China) with China (approximate date).
895
By place
Asia
- The Taghlibi chieftain Hamdan ibn Hamdun is defeated and captured by the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid. Hamdan's son Husayn enters caliphal service, beginning the rise of the Hamdanid dynasty.
Europe
- The seven tribes of the Magyars settle in the Carpathian Basin under the leadership of Árpád (The traditional date of 896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). People think of them as returning Huns, thus the Magyars come to be known as Hungarians.
- Bohemia breaks away from Great Moravia.
- Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign.
- The Danes begin raids on Sussex, England.
By topic
Music
- Approximate date of composition of the Musica enchiriadis, the beginnings of western polyphonic music.
896
By place
Asia
- January 13 – Emperor Zhaozong appoints Li Keyong as the Prince of Jin, who begins his reign as first emperor of Jin following the collapse of the Tang dynasty in China.
- Spring – The thirty-year rebellion by the Kharijites in the Jazira is ended by the Abbasid Caliphate.
Europe
- Decisive Bulgarian victory over the Magyars in the Battle of Southern Buh.
- The Bulgarians, under Simeon I, defeat the Byzantine Empire at Bulgarophygon.
- The Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under the leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia.
- Alfred the Great restores the city walls of London.
- Serbian pretender Klonimir is defeated by his ruling cousin, Petar.
By topic
Religion
- April – Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.
- May – Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.
897
By place
Asia
- Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.
- Yahya al-Hadi ila'l Haqq founds the rule of Zaidi Shiite Imams in Yemen, which will endure until the second half of the 20th century.
- Taking advantage of the turmoil in the Tulunid government, Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid recovers control of the Cilician Thughur and of northern Syria.
By topic
Religion
- January – The Cadaver Synod is held.
- August – Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.
- November – Pope Romanus is deposed.
- December – Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.
898
By place
Asia
Africa
- The Yodit Era ends in Ethiopia.
Europe
- A Magyar army headed by Álmos besieges Kiev.
- Magyar tribes found the state of Székesfehérvár in Hungary.
- Bologna joins the Italian Kingdom.
- King Odo of West Francia dies, and is succeeded by his rival claimant to the throne, Charles the Simple.
- Lambert II of Spoleto, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, is killed.
By topic
Religion
- January – Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.
899
By place
Asia
- Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani surrenders Amid to Caliph al-Mu'tadid, thereby ending the semi-independent Shaybanid dynasty ruling in Diyar Bakr since the 870s.
- The Qarmatians seize Bahrein.
Europe
- Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.
- Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.
- September 24 – The Magyar army consisting of 5000 men, defeats Berengar of Friuli, the king of Italy at Brenta, whose army is 15,000. Italy becomes the vassal of the Hungarians.
- The Magyars heavily damage Reggio Emilia, killing Bishop Azzo II.
References
- ↑ St Oswald's Priory, English Heritage.
- ↑ Mann III, p. 377.
- ↑ Kreutz 1996, pp. 63–66.
- ↑ Kristó 1996, p. 175.
- ↑ Kirschbaum 2005, p. 29.
- ↑ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 120. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ↑ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 121. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ↑ Amari 1854, p. 429.
- ↑ Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, New History of Korea pp. 263–265, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. ISBN 89-88095-85-5.
- ↑ John V.A. Fine, Jr (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, p. 130. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
- ↑ Michel Parisse, "Lotharingia", The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024, ed. Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 313–315.
- ↑ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ↑ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
- ↑ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, pp. 128–130. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ↑ John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
- ↑ Bianquis 1998, pp. 105–106.
- ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
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