Metal theft

Not to be confused with Medal theft.
A plaque on Eliot Memorial Bridge, Great Blue Hill, Milton, Massachusetts, an apparent target of metal theft.

Metal theft is "the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals".[1] It usually increases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise, as has happened dramatically due to rapid industrialization in India and China. Apart from precious metals like gold and silver, the metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze. However, even cast iron and steel are seeing higher rates of theft due to increased scrap metal prices.[2][3]

One defining characteristic of metal theft is the motivation. Whereas other items are generally stolen for their extrinsic value, items involved in metal theft are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities. Thefts often have negative consequences much greater than the value of the metal stolen, such as the destruction of valuable statues, power interruptions, and the disruption of railway traffic.

Motivations for theft

Global copper prices from 1986 to 2011
Police check a scrap van for questionable items (UK)

Scrap metal has drastically increased in price over recent years. In 2001, ferrous scrap sold for $77 a ton, increasing to $300/ton by 2004. In 2008, it hit nearly $500/ton.[4]

Some elected officials and law enforcement officials have concluded that many metal thefts are by drug addicts stealing metal in order to fund their addictions.[5] Some officials believe that many of these drug-related metal thefts are caused by methamphetamine users;[6] however, this varies by the location of the metal being stolen.[7] Another explanation for the phenomenon is the unusually high price of non-ferrous metals coupled with elevated levels of unemployment. Regardless of the reason, the industrialization of developing nations helps to increase the demand for scrap metal.[4]

In the fourth quarter of 2008, world market prices for metals like copper, aluminium, and platinum dropped steeply. Although there is anecdotal evidence that this price decrease has led to fewer metal thefts, strong empirical research on the exact nature of the relationship between commodity prices and metal thefts is still lacking. Some have argued that the "genie is out of the bottle" now and drops in commodity prices will not result in corresponding drops in thefts.[8] In fact, it is possible that thefts may actually increase to compensate for the loss in value.

As of December 2014 according to The National Insurance Crime Bureau the number of insurance claims for metal theft has been decreasing in the U.S[9] Possibly because of dropping scrap metal prices.

Economic impact

As of 2014 in the United States alone metal theft costs the U.S economy $1 billion annually, according to U.S. Department of Energy estimates.[10] As of 2008 It was estimated that South Africa lost approximately 5 billion Rand annually due to metal theft.[11] As of 2008 metal theft was the fastest growing crime in the UK with the annual damage to industry estimated at £360m.[12] Thieves often cause damage far in excess of the value they recover by selling stolen metal as scrap. For example, thieves who strip copper plumbing and electrical wiring from houses render the residences uninhabitable without expensive, time-consuming repairs.

Prevention

Requiring Scrap metal buyers to record the Photo IDs of Scrap metal sellers, and Record scrap metal transactions may reduce the rate of metal theft. Paying scrap metal sellers by check rather than cash may reduce the rate of metal theft. Utility companies who are often the targets of metal theft can electroplate coding on to copper wire, which can positively identify the wire as stolen even if the insulation is burned off.[13]

Items often stolen

A manhole with no cover in New Orleans

Popular targets of metal theft include manhole covers.[14] Copper wiring, or copper pipes from houses or other buildings are often stolen. Utility company wiring and transformers are often stolen. Aluminum beer kegs are often stolen. Bronze or brass statues or monuments are often stolen. Catalytic converters from cars are often stolen for the precious metals they contain. Air conditioner units are often targets of metal theft.[13] Anything that is made of metal has value as scrap metal and can be stolen.

Notable Metal thefts and law enforcement efforts by country

Australia

In Australia, in 2008, 8 tonnes of copper wiring, believed to be stolen from a variety of locations including rail tracks, power stations and scrap metal depots, was seized on its way to the Asian black market.[15]

Austria

All bronze components (portrait and letters) of this memorial have been removed (Vienna, Austria)

In November 2011 a person tried to hand-saw a hot electrical line in a subway tunnel in Vienna, a fire arose, train traffic was stopped, the thief was probably hurt.[16] In November 2015 a man burnt to death in Vienna in an empty building, in which cellar a 100-kV-line runs through. The police found three people alive and assumed that they had been trying copper theft.[17] In May 2013 the Westbahn near Amstetten has to be closed for safety reasons; grounding copper wires had been stolen; copper for 2000 € but 30,000 € damage costs including bus transfers.[18] In July 2013 in Lower Austria 160 m (250 kg) copper wire worth less than 1000 € had been stolen in a railway transformer station, but damage was over 140,000 € due to damaged electronics.[19] In May 2016, police caught several people that had stolen several tons of copper wire from a substation and caused 400,000 € worth of damage in Lower Austria.[20]

Canada

In Quebec, during May 2006, thieves stole sections of copper roofing, gutters and wiring from four Quebec city churches, two being St. Charles de Limoilou and St. Francois d'Assise. The thieves were discovered in action on their third night, whereupon they fled. High copper prices are believed to be the reason for the thefts. Repairs were expected to cost more than $40,000.[21]

In October 2010, a 300-pound bronze bell was stolen in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia. Thieves removed the bell from a monument in Roseway Cemetery.[22] The bell was part of the Roseway United Memorial Church, built in 1912, until it was demolished in 1993. It was recovered in a Halifax-area scrapyard October 6, 2010.[23]

In September 2011, Peterborough, Ontario, experienced a four-hour power outage north of the city when thieves stole power transmission wires.[24]

Czech Republic

327 bronze markers stolen from Theresienstadt concentration camp cemetery in mid-April 2008, with 700 more stolen the next week. A scrap metal dealer was arrested on April 18, 2008. He intended to melt them down for their copper.[25]

A ten-tonne footbridge and 200 meters of railway trackage, from the town of Horní Slavkov[26][27] in the Karlovy Vary Region was dismantled and removed by a gang of thieves who presented forged papers saying that the bridge had been condemned. The bridge was erected in 1901.[28]

France

The French railway network company RFF face regular thefts of metal that affect the operation of the trains.[29]

Germany

In February 2006, near the German city of Weimar, thieves dismantled and carted away some 5 km (3 mi) of disused rail track, causing at least 200,000 euros worth of damage.[30] In June 2012, a semi-burnt man was found after midnight beneath a street in or near Wilhelmsburg, Germany. In a nearby train track, 3 km of overhead contact wire had been torn down, but the theft not yet finished.[31] From the grave-stone of a 2-years-old child that loved owls, a unique cast bronze owl has been stolen in Rommerkirchen in April 2016. 20 € scrap worth against 800 € damage.[32]

Haiti

In Haiti, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, some looters were reported to be removing rebar from the concrete of collapsed buildings in order to sell it.[33] Others hacked up downed power lines.[34]

India

In the city of Calcutta, India more than 10,000 manhole covers were taken in two months. These were replaced with concrete covers, but these were also stolen, this time for the rebar inside them.[14]

Indonesia

In 2016, the sewers in Medan Merdeka avenue near National Monument, Central Jakarta, was discovered had been clogged with 10 trucks load of rubber-PVC cable jacket, causing flood in the area. Then it was discovered that the cables belongs to PT Telkom or PT PLN, state-owned telecommunication and electricity provider. The cable jacket was left clogging the sewer, while the metal thieves stole the inner copper wires.[35]

Several war graves in the Java Sea were discovered to have been removed by metal scavengers. The wrecks of the HMS Exeter (68), the HMS Encounter (H10), and the USS Perch (SS-176) had been totally removed. A sizable portion of the HMS Electra (H27) was also scavenged. [36]

The wrecks of the HNLMS De Ruyter (1935), HNLMS Java (1921), and HNLMS Kortenaer (1927) were also missing.[36]

Netherlands

On 11 January 2011, the theft of 300 meters of copper cable caused an ICE train to derail near the Dutch city of Zevenaar. Nobody was harmed.[37]

Russia

In 2001, thieves in Khabarovsk Krai stole electric and telephone lines leading to military bases there.[38] A small bridge was stolen in Russia in 2007, when a man chopped up its 5-meter span and hauled it away.[39][40]

South Africa

Metal theft from a memorial at the Union Buildings, Pretoria

Metal theft in South Africa is rampant, with an estimated of R5 billion per annum lost due to the theft. The stolen metal ranges from copper cables, piping, bolts to manhole covers. The theft continuously disrupts and degrades services, such as the power supply provided by Eskom and the telecommunication services by Telkom. Eskom estimated that the theft has cost the company about R25 million per annum, with incidents increasing from 446 incidents in 2005; 1,059 in 2007 and 1,914 in 2008. The theft has cost Telkom R863 million (April 2007 - January 2008 period). Despite the minimal copper reserve South Africa has, as much as 3000 tonnes of copper leave Cape Town harbour every month. Aside from the economic impact, the theft also impacted people's lives, this includes the death of six children due to theft of manhole covers (2004-2008 figures).[11][41][42] The theft of copper cables is a serious problem in Gauteng.[43]

Ukraine

In February 2004, thieves in western Ukraine dismantled and stole an 11 m (36 ft) long, one-tonne steel bridge that spanned the river Svalyavka.[44] In September 2009, smugglers attempted to make off with 25 tons of radioactive scrap metal from the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The Security Service of Ukraine caught them.[45]

United Kingdom

Aftermath of theft of a vintage metal postbox (UK)

Significant rises in metal theft were observed during 2006-2007 in the UK,[46] especially in North West England (mainly Liverpool), where metal theft was still on the rise as of 2008.[47]

In the UK, the British Metals Recycling Association[48] is working with authorities such as the Association of Chief Police Officers and the British Transport Police to halt the problem of metal being stolen from its members' sites and to identify stolen materials. Also see Operation Tremor.

Roofs, manhole covers, statues etc. have all been increasingly targeted recently due to the rising cost of metal. Most of the time metal is sold for scrap, but occasionally it is used by the thieves themselves. There have been many stories of metal theft; a bronze statue of former Olympic champion Steve Ovett disappeared from Preston Park in Brighton[49] and church bells in Devon were stolen by thieves.[50] A statue made by Henry Moore and estimated to be worth £300,000 was stolen from a museum in 2006, and believed to have been melted down for its scrap value of around £5,000.[51] Churches, especially older churches, suffer as 'lead theft' from church (and other) roofs is on the rise.[52] In late 2011 the police began a number of crackdowns on metal theft, the largest in South Yorkshire resulting in at least 22 arrests and the seizure of amateur smelting equipment.[53] In August 2012, thieves stole 26 metal cages from an animal hospital in Kibworth, Leicestershire. Cages containing sick or injured animals were emptied by the thieves. The cages were worth about £30,000.[54] Theft of copper cable by the side of railway tracks has also become increasingly a problem, and results in train stoppages as well as creating serious safety issues both for the perpetrators and the traveling public.

United States

Historic cast iron fencing on the Longfellow Bridge was stolen before refurbishment, requiring expensive replacement castings to be fabricated.

In Boston during the summer of 2008, two state employees stole 2,347 feet (715 m) of decorative iron trim that had been removed from the Longfellow Bridge for refurbishment and sold it for scrap. The men, one of whom was a Department of Conservation and Recreation district manager, were charged with receiving $12,147 for the historic original parapet coping. The estimated cost to remake the pieces, scheduled for replication by 2012, was over $500,000.[55] The men were later convicted, in September 2009.[56]

In New Castle, Pennsylvania, two brothers dismantled a 40 by 15 foot bridge by using a blow torch to take it apart. Between Sept. 16 and Sept. 28, 2011, the brothers stole the entire bridge and then sold the steel for $5,000.[57]

Cities across the United States have become targets for metal thieves. Manhole cover thefts increased dramatically between 2007 and 2008, with Philadelphia as one of the hardest hit targets. Other cities dealing with this trend include Chicago, Illinois; Greensboro, North Carolina, Long Beach, California;[4] and Palm Beach County, Florida.[58]

Copper wire thefts have also become increasingly common in the US. With copper prices at $3.70 a pound as of June 2007, compared to $0.60 a pound in 2002, people have been increasingly stealing copper wire from telephone and power company assets. Gangs have been created, a black market for copper wire has emerged, and men even have been injured in power plants while trying to obtain copper wire.[59][60] Other sources of stolen copper include railroad signal lines, grounding bars at electric substations, and even a 3000-pound bell stolen from a Buddhist temple in Tacoma, Washington, which was later recovered.[61]

For example, Georgia, like many other states, has seen enough copper crime that a special task force has been created to fight it. The Metro Atlanta Copper Task Force is led by the Atlanta Police Department and involves police and recyclers from surrounding metro areas, Georgia Power, and the Fulton County DA’s office.[62]

Many states around the nation have passed – or are exploring – legislation to combat the problem. A new Georgia law took effect in July 2007 making it a crime to knowingly buy stolen metal. It allows prosecutors to prosecute for the actual cost of returning property to original conditions, as many of these thefts dramatically hurt the surrounding property value.[63]

On Sept. 1, 2007, Earl Thelander, 80, of Onawa, Iowa, became the United States' first innocent copper theft fatality.[64] Thelander sustained second- and third-degree burns over 80% of his body during an Aug. 28, 2007, explosion, after copper thieves stripped propane and water lines from a rural residence and let the home fill with gas. Thelander, who, along with his wife, was preparing the empty home for a new tenant, reported the burglary to the Monona County Sheriff's Office, who investigated the initial crime. Hours after local law enforcement sent the Thelanders home, Thelander returned to the home to see if officials had cleared the home for entry. With no law enforcement nor fire department personnel present, he entered the home, and, smelling no fumes, felt it safe to work. In the basement, he plugged in a fan to help dry water on the basement floor, the electricity sparking an explosion.

In response to the growing concerns and the lack of hard numbers on these crimes in Indianapolis, the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) and the University of Indianapolis Community Research Center (CRC) began in 2008 a collaborative effort to collect data on metal thefts.[1] The Indianapolis Metal Theft Project gathers and analyzes a wide variety of data to provide a clearer understanding of the incidence, types, costs, and impacts of metal theft in Indianapolis in order to inform and implement strategies to reduce these crimes and their impacts.

The Department of Justice's Office of Community-Oriented Policing and the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing published its 58th problem-solving guide in 2010 directed towards theft of scrap metal. Brandon Kooi provides a review of the problem in the US and internationally, followed by a number of suggested responses and what to consider in those responses.[65]

The International Association of Property Crime Investigators presents the annual National Metal Theft Investigation Seminar uniting law enforcement and corporate security to share, learn and network to combat metal theft.

The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries is one of the groups backing these educational efforts throughout the country. As the nation’s trade association for the scrap recycling industry, ISRI provides members and community leaders with resources that they can use when facing the issue.[4] They have also teamed with the National Crime Prevention Council (known for McGruff the Crime Dog and the “Take a Bite Out of Crime” slogan) in an effort to team with law enforcement and crime prevention organizations to fight and solve this problem, and have established a theft alert system that these groups can use.[4] ISRI and the National Crime Prevention Council offer a number of tips for how to fight and prevent metal theft, including requiring photo ID and license plate information for every transaction, training employees on identifying stolen goods, and keeping good records that might be useful later.[66]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metal theft.

References

Specific citations:

  1. 1 2 "Indianapolis Metal Theft Project". Community Research Center, University of Indianapolis. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010.
  2. ↑ "2008 Metal Theft Investigations Seminar". International Association of Property Crime Investigators. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04.
  3. ↑ Schwartz, Emma (March 27, 2008). "Price Hikes Lead to Rash of Metal Thefts". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Newsweek Staff (2010-07-10). "Manhole Covers Stolen for Scrap Metal". Newsweek Business. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Berryhill And Galgiani Metal Theft Legislation Clears First Hurdle". SACRAMENTO. March 29, 2007.
  6. ↑ "An Updated Assessment of Copper Wire Thefts from Electric Utilities" (PDF). US Department of energy. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  7. ↑ Steinhauer, Jennifer (31 July 2007). "Unusual Culprits Cripple Farms in California". The New York Times. BUTTONWILLOW, Calif. p. 10.
  8. ↑ Berinato, Scott (2007-02-01). "Copper Theft: The Metal Theft Epidemic". CSO Online. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  9. ↑ Kudla, Joe. "Metal Theft Claims and Questionable Claim Referrals from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2014". Data analytics forecast report. National Insurance Crime Bureau.
  10. ↑ "METALS THEFT: Is this billion dollar crime on YOUR radar?" (PDF). Sheriff Magazine. National Sheriffs association. October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  11. 1 2 "DA: Cable theft needs urgent action". Independent Online (South Africa). 2008-07-31.
  12. ↑ Edemariam, Aida (2008-06-25). "The Big Meltdown". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  13. 1 2 Kooi, Brandon R. (April 2010). Theft of Scrap Metal (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. ISBN 978-1-935676-12-6.
  14. 1 2 "10,000 manhole covers vanish - Fingers pointed at Growing craze for Drugs, SNAP lottery". The Telegraph (Kolkata). September 7, 2004.
  15. ↑ Burgess, Matthew (2008-03-03). "Police bust copper theft racket". Melbourne: The Age.
  16. ↑ "Kupferdieb legte U4 lahm - Täter entkam verletzt" [Copper thief put U4 out - perpetrators escaped injured]. krone.at (in German). 27 November 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  17. ↑ "Kupferdieb von Starkstrom getötet" [Copper thief killed by power]. DiePresse.com (in German). 23 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  18. ↑ "Kabeldiebe legen Westbahn lahm" [Cable thieves paralyze Westbahn] (in German). noe.orf.at. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2016.}
  19. ↑ "Kupferdiebe stehlen 250 Kilogramm Kabel" [Copper Thieves steal 250 kg Cable] (in German). noe.orf.at. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  20. ↑ "Kupferdiebe gefasst: 400.000 Euro Schaden" [Copper thieves focus: 400,000 EUR Damage] (in German). noe.orf.at. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  21. ↑ "Brazen thieves swipe copper from Que. churches". May 29, 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.
  22. ↑ Woolvett, Amy (October 7, 2010). "Stolen church bell recovered in Halifax". Nova News Now. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  23. ↑ "Church bell saved from scrapyard". CBC.ca. October 7, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  24. ↑ Nicole Riva. "Power outage north of city caused by wire theft". The Peterborough Examiner.
  25. ↑ Patricia Treble (April 5, 2008). "Meltdown: metal prices spur thieves". Macleans Magazine: 35. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008.
  26. ↑ Moye, David (2012-04-30). "Bridge Stolen In Czech Republic Results In Million-Dollar Gap". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  27. ↑ Hájek, Adam (2012-04-30). "Zloději v Česku rozmontovali desetitunový most, všimli si Britové". iDNES.cz. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  28. ↑ "10-tonne bridge stolen in Czech Republic". dnaindia.com. Warsaw. May 1, 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  29. ↑ Pyrénées : le Train jaune victime de vol de câble
  30. ↑ "It's hard to keep track...". ABC Online. Feb 5, 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  31. ↑ "Wilhelmsburg: Kupferdieb liegt halb verbrannt im Transporter" [Wilhelmsburg: copper thief is half burned in Transportation]. BILD.de (in German). 12 June 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  32. ↑ Sophie Bamler (2 May 2016). "Eule von Kindergrab gestohlen - eBay-Händler beschimpft" [Owl stolen from child's grave - eBay dealer insulted]. www.merkur.de (in German). Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  33. ↑ Benson, Tedd (January 16, 2010). "Rebar!". New House Rules. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  34. ↑ Leinwand, Donna (Jan 22, 2010). "Fine line between stealing, surviving in Haiti". USA TODAY. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  35. ↑ Aldi Geri Lumban Tobing (11 March 2016). "Pencuri Logam Kabel Jual Barang ke Penadah di Jakarta". Berita Jakarta (in Indonesian).
  36. 1 2 Oliver Holmes; Luke Harding (16 November 2016). "British second world war shipwrecks in Java Sea destroyed by illegal scavenging". the Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  37. ↑ "Treinbotsing Zevenaar vermoedelijk door koperdiefstal" (in Dutch).
  38. ↑ "Russia: Metal thieves leave military bases without power. (Brief Article)". IPR Strategic Business Information Database. October 2001. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  39. ↑ Singer, Dick (August 28, 2007). "Honesty wins out when rediscovering stolen chairs". Archived from the original on Sep 29, 2007.
  40. ↑ "Russian police arrest man for stealing a bridge". Reuters. Moscow. August 31, 2007.
  41. ↑ Ndlovu, Sinegugu (2008-07-24). "Metal theft is crippling industry". Independent Online (South Africa).
  42. ↑ "Cable theft costs Telkom R863m". Mail & Guardian. 2008-03-03.
  43. ↑ Pretorius, William Lyon (2013-10-02). "A criminological analysis of copper cable theft in Gauteng".
  44. ↑ "Thieves steal bridge in Ukraine". BBC NEWS. 2004-02-23. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  45. ↑ "Theft Thwarted Of Radioactive Scrap Metal From Chornobyl". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. September 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  46. ↑ Milmo, Dan (2007-05-28). "Copper thieves cause havoc for commuters". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  47. ↑ Aslet, Clive (2008-01-22). "Pillar boxes could be next to go missing". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  48. ↑ British Metals Recycling Association (BMRA)
  49. ↑ Pilditch, David (September 5, 2007). "Who did a runner with Ovett's statue?". Daily Express. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  50. ↑ "Church bells saved from scrapyard". BBC News. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  51. ↑ Bowcott, Owen (25 January 2006). "As another bronze is stolen, police fear treasures are going for scrap". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  52. ↑ "'Highest ever' lead theft levels threaten community churches". Christian Today. July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  53. ↑ "South Yorkshire Police crack down on metal thefts". BBC. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  54. ↑ "Metal thieves now target cages at animal hospital". The Telegraph. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  55. ↑ Ebbert, Stephanie (2008-09-12). "Case of the purloined ironwork". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  56. ↑ Ellement, John R. (2009-09-16). "Pair get jail for iron theft at bridge". Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  57. ↑ News, ABC. "Bridge Stolen and Sold For Scrap". ABC News. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  58. ↑ "Copper Thieves Leave I-95 In Palm Beach Co. In The Dark". CBS. August 29, 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  59. ↑ Mitchell, Kay (August 31, 2009). "Salem man badly burned in attempted metal theft, police say". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  60. ↑ Amistadi, Bonnie (September 5, 2013). "Copper stolen from Otter Tail Power Company substation in Wahpeton". KVOX–FM – Today's Froggy 99.9. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  61. ↑ "Bell heralds break in theft case". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. March 7, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  62. ↑ Garner, Marcus K. (2008-08-03). "E. Atlanta church among sites stripped of copper". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05.
  63. ↑ "EMCs Mark One Year of Tougher Copper Theft Law". Georgia Front Page. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  64. ↑ Jody Ewing. "Earl Thelander — A Nation's First". Iowa Cold Cases. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  65. ↑ Kooi, Brandon. "Theft of Scrap Metal". Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  66. ↑ "Ferrous Infrastructure Theft on the Rise". Environmental Protection. 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

General references:

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.