List of ichthyosaur genera

This list of ichthyosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Ichthyosauria or the parent clade Ichthyopterygia, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered ichthyopterygian. Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygians shall be noted as such. This list contains 120 genera.

Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of ichthyosaur genera but one of the most thorough attempts can be found at the "Ichthyosauromorpha" section of Mikko Haaramo's Phylogeny Archive.^[1]

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen. In this case, these nomina nuda will be deleted from this list in favor of the published name.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

The List

Genus	Authors	Year	Status	Age	Location	Notes
Acamptonectes^[2]	Fischer et al.	2012	Valid	eK^[2] to lK^[2]	Europe^[2]
Actiosaurus	Sauvage	1883	Disputed		Europe
Aegirosaurus^[3]	Bardet Fernández	2000	Valid	lJ^[3]	Europe^[3]	A 2 meter long^[3] ophthalmosaurid^[4] whose remains were discovered in the Solnhofen limestone and mistaken for a new Ichthyosaurus species. In 2000 scientists concluded that the fossil material should be assigned to a new genus.
Anhuisaurus^[1]	Chen	1985	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by lizard genus Anhuisaurus Hou, 1974. Junior synonym of Chaohusaurus.
Arthropterygius	Maxwell	2010	Valid	lJ	North America
Athabascasaurus	Druckenmiller Maxwell	2010	Valid	eK	North America
Barracudasauroides	Maisch	2010	Valid	mT	Asia
Besanosaurus^[5]	Dal Sasso Pinna	1996	Valid	mT^[5]	Europe^[5]
Brachypterygius^[6]^[7]	von Huene	1922	Valid	lJ^[6]	Europe^[8]^[9]	A lJ Ophthalmosaurid closely related to Platypterygius and Caypullisaurus.^[4] Fossils have been found in England and European Russia.^[8]^[9]
Californosaurus^[6]^[10]	Kuhn	1934	Valid	lT^[6]	N. America	A 3-meter teretocnemid who is also the basal-most known Euichthyosaurian. Its remains were first recovered from the Carnian Lower Hosselkus Limestone of California. Californosaurus has also been known as Shastasaurus perrini and Delphinosaurus perrini.
Callawayia^[11]	Maische Matzke	2000	Valid
Cartorhynchus^[12]	Motani et al.	2015	Valid	eT	Asia	Non-ichthyosaur ichthyosauriform
Caypullisaurus^[6]^[7]	Fernández	1997	Valid	lJ^[6] to eK	S. America	A large ophthalmosaurid closely related to Platypterygius and Brachypterygius.^[4] It was discovered in strata dating to the lJ - eK of Argentina.
Chacaicosaurus^[10]	Fernández	1994	Valid		S. America^[9]	A Bajocian genus whose fossils have been found in Argentina.^[9] Possibly a stenopterygiid.
Chaohusaurus^[1]^[6]	Young Dong	1972	Valid	eT^[6]	Asia	A primitive ichthyosaur that retained a lizard-like body discovered in Chaohu, China. It was also one of the smallest ichthyosaurs, being from 70 to 180 cm long and an estimated weight of 10 kg.
Chensaurus^[1]^[6]	Mazin Suteethorn Buffetaut Jaeger Helmcke-Ingavat	1991	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Chaohusaurus.
Chonespondylus^[6]	Leidy	1868	Valid	mT^[6]
Contectopalatus^[13]	Maische Matzke	1998	Disputed	mT^[13]	Europe^[13]	A strange mT mixosaurid with a high crest of bone on its head and a 5-meter body. It was thought to be a Mixosaurus species for some time until given its own genus in 1998. Some experts have felt that the splitting was unjustified.
Cryopterygius^[14]	Druckenmiller et al.	2012^[14]	Valid	lJ^[14]	Europe^[14]
Cymbospondylus^[6]^[11]	Leidy	1868	Valid	eT^[6] to mT^[6]		One of the largest ichthyosaurs, adults ranged in length from 6 m (20 ft) up to 10 m (33 ft) long. It was one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail. Consequently, Cymbospondylus probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side like a modern sea snake.
Dearcmhara^[15]	Brusatte et al.	2015	Valid	eJ to mJ	Europe
Delphinosaurus^[6]	Merriam	1905	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Californosaurus.
Eretmorhipis^[16]	Chen et al.	2015	Valid	eT	Asia	Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian
Eurhinosaurus^[6]^[10]	Abel	1909	Valid	eJ^[6]	Europe	A genus exceeding 6 m in length^[9] from the Sinemurian to Toarcian of England and Germany. Eurhinosaurus was built like a regular ichthyosaur, with a fish-like body including a large eyes, dorsal and caudal fins, but had one distinct feature that set it apart from other ichthyosaurs; its upper jaw was twice as long as the lower jaw and covered with sidewards-pointing 'teeth', like a sawfish's.
Eurypterygius	Jaekel	1904	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Ichthyosaurus.
Excalibosaurus	McGowan	1986	Valid	eJ^[6]		Lived during the Sinemurian stage in what is now England. It is characterized by the extreme elongation of the rostrum, giving the animal a swordfish-like look. Excalibosaurus is known from two skeletons. The holotype was from a juvenile with an estimated body length of 4 m. The estimated body length of the second specimen, discovered in 1996, is 7 m.
Gengasaurus	Paparella et al.	In press	In press	lJ	Europe
Grendelius^[6]	McGowan	1976	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Brachypterygius.
Grippia^[1]^[6]	Wiman	1930	Valid	eT^[6]	Asia Greenland Japan N. America	A small ichthyosaur only 1-1.5 m long, its fossils have been found along the coasts of Greenland, China, Japan, and Canada.
Gulosaurus^[17]	Cuthbertson et al.	2013	Valid	eT^[17]	N. America^[17]	A grippidian. The type species is Gulosaurus helmi.^[17]
Guizhouichthyosaurus	Cao Luo	2000	Valid	lT	Asia
Himalayasaurus	Young Dong	1972	Valid	lT	Asia
Hudsonelpidia	McGowan	1995	Valid	lT^[6]
Hupehsuchus^[1]	Carroll Dong	1991	Valid	mT	Asia	Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian from the mT of China. The type species is H. nanchangensis.
Ichthyosaurus^[6]^[10]	De la Beche Conybeare	1821	Valid	eJ^[6]
Isfjordosaurus	Motani	1999	Valid			Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian.
Janusaurus^[18]	Roberts et al.	2014	Valid	lJ^[18]	Europe^[18]	An ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Janusaurus lundi.^[18]
Leninia^[19]	Fischer et al.	2014	Valid	eK^[19]	Europe^[19]	An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Leninia stellans.^[19]
Leptocheirus	Merriam	1903	Valid
Leptonectes	McGowan	1996	Valid		Europe^[9]	Lived from the Rhaetian to Pliensbachian in what is now Belgium, England and Germany.^[9]
Leptopterygius	Huene	1922	Valid	lT^[6] to eJ^[6]
Macgowania	Motani	1999	Valid
Macropterygius	Huene	1923	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Aegirosaurus.
Maiaspondylus^[7]	Maxwell Caldwell	2006	Valid	lK^[7]	N. America^[7]
Malawania^[20]	Fischer et al.	2013	Valid	eK^[20]	Asia^[20]	A basal member of Thunnosauria. The type species is Malawania anachronus.^[20]
Merriamia^[6]	Boulenger	1904	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Toretocnemus.
Metashastasaurus	Nicholls Manabe	2001	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Callawayia.
Mikadocephalus^[11]^[21]	Maisch Matzke	1998	Valid		Europe^[21]
Mixosaurus^[6]^[11]	Baur	1887	Valid	mT^[6]
Mollesaurus	Fernandez	1999	Valid	mJ	S. America
Myopterygius	von Huene	1922	Syn.			Synonymy of Platypterygius
Muiscasaurus	Maxwell Dick Padilla Parra	2015	Valid	eK	S. America
Nanchangosaurus	Wang	1959	Valid	mT^[6]
Nannopterygius	Huene	1922	Valid	lJ^[6]	Europe	Nannopterygius is a genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur that lived in from the Kimmeridgian to Tithonian. Fossils have been found in England and Germany.^[9]
Omphalosaurus	Merriam	1906	Valid	eT	Europe	An extinct genus of marine reptile from Spitsbergen. It has been considered an ichthyopterygian, however a study by Motani in 2000 showed that it lacks the basal synapomorphies of Ichthyopterygia. As such, its exact position in the diapsid tree is currently unknown.
Ophthalmosaurus^[7]	Seeley	1874	Valid	mJ^[6] to lJ^[6]	Europe N. America S. America^[7]
Otschevia	Efimov	1997	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Brachypterygius.
Palvennia ^[14]	Druckenmiller et al.	2012	Valid	lJ^[14]	Europe^[14]
Panjiangsaurus	Chen Chang	2003	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Guizhouichthyosaurus.^[22]^[23]
Paraophthalmosaurus	Arkhangelsky	1997	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Ophthalmosaurus.
Parvinatator	Nicholls Brinkman	1995	Valid			Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian.
Pessopteryx	Wiman	1910	Valid
Pessosaurus	Wiman	1910	Valid	mT^[6]
Phalarodon	Merriam	1910	Valid	mT^[6]	Asia^[24]
Phantomosaurus^[6]	Maisch Matzke	2000	Valid
Platypterygius	Kuhn	1946	Valid	lK^[6]
Plutonisaurus	Efimov	1997	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Platypterygius.
Proteosaurus	Home	1819	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Ichthyosaurus.
Protoichthyosaurus	Appleby	1979	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Ichthyosaurus.
Qianichthyosaurus	Li	1999	Valid
Sangiorgiosaurus	Brinkmann	1998	Valid
Sclerocormus	Jiang et al.	2016	Valid	eT	Asia	Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian.
Shastasaurus	Merriam	1895	Valid	mT^[22] to lT^[6]	Asia Europe N. America	Shastasaurus is a genus of ichthyosaur from whose remains have been found in United States, Canada, Mexico, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Spitsbergen and China.^[22]
Shonisaurus	Camp	1976	Valid	lT^[6]	?Asia N. America	The largest genus of ichthyosaur that has yet been found. Fossils of Shonisaurus were first found in Nevada in 1920. It lived during the Norian stage of the late Triassic period and had a long pointed mouth that contained teeth only at the front end. S. popularis specimens reached a length of 15 meters (49 feet). A second species, S. sikanniensis, was later discovered in British Columbia and has an estimated length of 21 meters (69 feet).
Simbirskia	Otschev Efimov	1985	Valid
Simbirskiasaurus	Otschev Efimov	1985	Valid	eK^[6]
Sisteronia^[25]	Fischer et al.	2014	Valid	eK ^[25]	Europe ^[25]	A platypterygiine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Sisteronia seeleyi. ^[25]
Stenopterygius	Jaekel	1904	Valid	eJ^[6]	Europe	Lived from the Toarcian to Aalenian from England, France, Germany and Luxembourg. Maximum length was 4 m.^[9] One famous fossil is that of a mother and baby that died in childbirth. This proved that ichthyosaur infants were born tail-first, just like cetaceans, to prevent them from drowning before fully clearing the birth canal.
Suevoleviathan	Maisch	1998	Valid
Svalbardosaurus	Mazin	1981	Nomen dubium^[1]	eT^[6]
Sveltonectes	Fischer Masure Arkhangelsky Godefroit	2011	Valid	eK	Europe
Temnodontosaurus	Lydekker	1889	Valid	eJ^[6]	Europe	Lived from the Hettangian to Toarcian in England and Germany. It was a large genus, exceeded 12 meters (39 feet) in length.^[9] Temnodontosaurus eyes were approximately 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter making them the largest of any known vertebrate.
Thaisaurus	Mazin Sutetthorn Buffetaut Jaeger Helmcke-Ignavat	1991	Valid			Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian.
Thalattoarchon^[26]	Fröbisch et al.	2013	Valid	mT^[26]	North America^[26]
Toretocnemus	Merriam	1902	Valid	lT^[6]
Undorosaurus	Efimov	1997	Valid	lJ	Russia
Utatsusaurus^[1]^[6]	Shikoma	1978	Valid	eT^[6]		Non-ichthyosaur ichthyopterygian.
Wahlisaurus	Lomax	2016	Valid	eJ	Europe
Wimanius	Maisch Matzke	1988	Valid

Besanosaurus

Californosaurus.

Caypullisaurus.

Chaohusaurus.

Cymbospondylus.

Eurhinosaurus.

Excalibosaurus.

Grippia.

Hupehsuchus.

Ichthyosaurus.

Leptonectes.

Mixosaurus.

Ophthalmosaurus.

Platypterigius.

Shastasaurus.

Shonisaurus.

Stenopterygius.

Temnodontosaurus.

Utatsusaurus.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Haaramo, Mikko (14 July 2004). "Ichthyosauromorpha". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
1 2 3 4 Fischer,V.; Maisch, M.W.; Naish, D.; Kosma, R.; Liston, J.; Joger, U.; Krüger, F.J.; Pérez,J.P.; Tainsh, J.; Appleby, R.M. (2012). "New Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaurs from the European Lower Cretaceous Demonstrate Extensive Ichthyosaur Survival across the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary". PLoS ONE. 7 (1): e29234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029234. PMC 3250416. PMID 22235274.
1 2 3 4 Bardet N, Fernández M. 2000. A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria. Journal of Paleontology 74 (3): 503-511.
1 2 3 Fernández, M. (2007). "Redescription and phylogenetic position of Caypullisaurus (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauridae)". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (2): 368–375. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[368:RAPPOC]2.0.CO;2.
1 2 3 Dal Sasso, Cristiano and Giovanni Pinna, 1996. Besanosaurus leptorhynchus n. gen. n. sp., a new shastasaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, N. Italy). Paleontologia Lombarda, Nuova seire Volume IV: 1-23.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on Reptilia)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Haaramo, Mikko (11 March 2008). "Ophthalmosauria". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
1 2 Efimov, VM. (1998). "An Ichthyosaur, Otschevia pseudoscythica gen. et sp. nov from the Upper Jurassic Strata of the Ulyanovsk Region (Volga Region)". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal. 32 (2): 187–191.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Maisch, MW; Matzke, AT. (2000). "The Ichthyosauria". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie). 298: 1–159.
1 2 3 4 Haaramo, Mikko (11 March 2004). "Euichthyosauria". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
1 2 3 4 Haaramo, Mikko (11 March 2008). "Ichthyosauria". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
↑ Ryosuke Motani; Da-Yong Jiang; Guan-Bao Chen; Andrea Tintori; Olivier Rieppel; Cheng Ji & Jian-Dong Huang (2015). "A basal ichthyosauriform with a short snout from the Lower Triassic of China". Nature. 517 (7535): 485–488. doi:10.1038/nature13866.
1 2 3 Maisch & Matzke, A. T. 2000. The mixosaurid ichthyosaur Contectopalatus from the Middle Triassic of the German Basin. Lethaia 33: 71-74.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patrick S. Druckenmiller; Jørn H. Hurum; Espen M. Knutsen & Hans Arne Nakrem (2012). "Two new ophthalmosaurids (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Agardhfjellet Formation (Upper Jurassic: Volgian/Tithonian), Svalbard, Norway" (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92 (2–3): 311–339.
↑ Stephen L. Brusatte; Mark T. Young; Thomas J. Challands; Neil D. L. Clark; Valentin Fischer; Nicholas C. Fraser; Jeff J. Liston; Colin C. J. MacFadyen; Dugald A. Ross; Stig Walsh & Mark Wilkinson (2015). "Ichthyosaurs from the Jurassic of Skye, Scotland". Scottish Journal of Geology. 51 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1144/sjg2014-018.
↑ Xiao-hong Chen; Ryosuke Motani; Long Cheng; Da-yong Jiang & Olivier Rieppel (2015). "A New Specimen of Carroll's Mystery Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of China". PLoS ONE. 10 (5): e0126024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126024.
1 2 3 4 Robin S. Cuthbertson; Anthony P. Russell & Jason S. Anderson (2013). "Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichthyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (4): 831–847. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.755989.
1 2 3 4 Aubrey Jane Roberts; Patrick Scott Druckenmiller; Glenn-Peter Sætre & Jørn Harald Hurum (2014). "A New Upper Jurassic Ophthalmosaurid Ichthyosaur from the Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of Central Spitsbergen". PLoS ONE. 9 (8): e103152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103152.
1 2 3 4 Valentin Fischer; Maxim S. Arkhangelsky; Gleb N. Uspensky; Ilya M. Stenshin & Pascal Godefroit (2014). "A new Lower Cretaceous ichthyosaur from Russia reveals skull shape conservatism within Ophthalmosaurinae". Geological Magazine. 151 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000994.
1 2 3 4 Valentin Fischer; Robert M. Appleby; Darren Naish; Jeff Liston; James B. Riding; Stephen Brindley & Pascal Godefroit (2013). "A basal thunnosaurian from Iraq reveals disparate phylogenetic origins for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs". Biology Letters. 9 (4): 20130021. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0021.
1 2 Maisch, M. W,. and Matzke A. T., 1998, Mikadocephalus gracilirostris n. gen., n. sp., a new ichthyosaur from the Grenzbitumenzone (Anisian-Ladinian) of Mont San Giorgio (Switzerland): Palaontologische Zeitschrift, v. 71, n. ¾, p. 267-289.
1 2 3 Shang Qing-Hua; Li Chun (2009). "On the occurrence of the ichthyosaur Shastasaurus in the Guanling Biota (Late Triassic), Guizhou, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 47 (3): 178–193.
↑ Sander, P.M.; Chen, X.; Cheng, L.; Wang, X. (2011). Claessens, Leon, ed. "Short-Snouted Toothless Ichthyosaur from China Suggests Late Triassic Diversification of Suction Feeding Ichthyosaurs". PLoS ONE. 6 (5): e19480. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019480. PMC 3100301. PMID 21625429.
↑ Jiang, D.-Y.; Schmitz, L.; Motani, R.; Hao, W.-C.; Sun, Y.-L. (2007). "The mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon cf. P. fraasi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, China". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (3): 602–605. doi:10.1666/05092.1.
1 2 3 4 Valentin Fischer; Nathalie Bardet; Myette Guiomar & Pascal Godefroit (2014). "High Diversity in Cretaceous Ichthyosaurs from Europe Prior to Their Extinction". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e84709. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084709.
1 2 3 Nadia B. Fröbisch; Jörg Fröbisch; P. Martin Sander; Lars Schmitz & Olivier Rieppel (2013). "Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. in press. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216750110.

External links

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List of ichthyosaur genera

Scope and terminology

The List

See also

References

External links