Bluetooth stack

A Bluetooth stack is software that refers to an implementation of the Bluetooth protocol stack.

Bluetooth stacks can be roughly divided into two distinct categories:

  1. General-purpose implementations that are written with emphasis on feature-richness and flexibility, usually for desktop computers. Support for additional Bluetooth profiles can typically be added through drivers.
  2. Embedded system implementations intended for use in devices where resources are limited and demands are lower, such as Bluetooth peripheral devices.[1]

General-purpose implementations

FreeBSD

The FreeBSD bluetooth stack is implemented using the Netgraph framework. A broad variety of Bluetooth USB dongles are supported by the ng_ubt driver.

Linux

The Linux operating system currently has BlueZ included with the official Linux kernel distributions, initially developed by Qualcomm.

BlueZ

BlueZ is a Bluetooth stack for Linux kernel-based family of operating systems. Its goal is to program an implementation of the Bluetooth wireless standards specifications for Linux. As of 2006, the BlueZ stack supports all core Bluetooth protocols and layers.[2] It was initially developed by Qualcomm, and is available for Linux kernel versions 2.4.6 and up. In addition to the basic stack, the bluez-utils and bluez-firmware packages contain low level utilities such as dfutool which can interrogate the Bluetooth adapter chipset to determine whether its firmware can be upgraded.

hidd is the Bluetooth human interface device (HID) daemon.[3]

BlueZ is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), but reported to be on its way toward switching to the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

BlueDroid

Android also used Bluez, until it switched to its own BlueDroid stack in late 2012.[4]

Mac OS X

Since version 10.2, Apple Inc.'s Mac OS X has contained an integrated Bluetooth stack.[5] Included profiles are DUN, SPP, FAX, HID, HSP, SYNC, PAN, BPP and OBEX. Version 10.5 adds support for A2DP and AVRCP.

Windows

Widcomm

Widcomm was the first Bluetooth stack for the Windows operating system. The stack was initially developed by a company named Widcomm Inc., which was acquired by Broadcom Corporation in April 2004.[6] Broadcom continues to license the stack for inclusion with many Bluetooth-powered end-user devices.

An API is available for interacting with the stack from a custom application. For developers there is also a utility named BTServer Spy Lite bundled with the stack (some vendor-tied versions excluded) which monitors Bluetooth activity on the stack at a very low level — although the category and level of trace is configurable. This stack also allows use of RFCOMM without creating a virtual serial port in the operating system.

Microsoft Windows stack

Prior to Windows 8, the Microsoft Windows Bluetooth stack only supports external or integrated Bluetooth dongles attached through USB. It does not support Bluetooth radio connections over PCI, I²C, serial, PC Card or other interfaces.[7] It also only supports a single Bluetooth radio.[7] Windows 8 has an extensible transport model allowing support for Bluetooth radios on non-USB buses.[8]

Generally, only a single stack can be used at any time: switching usually requires uninstalling the current stack, although a trace of previous stacks remains in the Windows registry. However, there are some cases where two stacks can be used on the same Microsoft Windows system, each using their own separate Bluetooth radio hardware.

Windows versions:[9]

Note : The Windows XP/Vista Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PANU, SPP, DUN, OPP, OBEX, HID, HCRP.[7][8][11] Windows 8 adds support for HFP, A2DP, and AVRCP Profiles.[8]

The Windows 7/Vista/8/10 stack provides kernel-mode and user-mode APIs for its Bluetooth stack so hardware and software vendors can implement additional profiles.[8]

CSR Harmony

In 2010 CSR plc (now Qualcomm) started its own bluetooth stack.[14] It was based on CSR Synergy BT host stack.

Bluetooth Toshiba stack

Bluetooth Stack for Windows by Toshiba

In 2001, Toshiba first announced a notebook design that would integrate a Bluetooth antenna inside the lid. Toshiba then went on to release the first two notebook models to offer dual Bluetooth/Wi-Fi integration.[15]

Toshiba has created its own Bluetooth stack for use on Microsoft Windows. Toshiba licenses their stack to other original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and has shipped with some Fujitsu Siemens, ASUS, Dell and Sony laptops. A non-disclosure agreement must be signed to obtain the API. The Toshiba stack is also available with certain non-OEM Bluetooth accessories such as USB Bluetooth dongles and PCMCIA cards from various vendors.

The Toshiba stack supports one of the more comprehensive list of Bluetooth profiles including: SPP, DUN, FAX, LAP, OPP, FTP, HID, HDP, HCRP, PAN, BIP, HSP, HFP (including Skype support), A2DP, AVRCP

BlueSoleil

BlueSoleil is a product of IVT Corporation, which produces stacks for embedded devices and desktop systems. The stack is available in both standard and VOIP versions. It supports the profiles A2DP, DUN, FAX, HFP, HSP, LAP, OBEX, OPP, PAN, SPP, AV, BIP, FTP, HID and SYNC.

An SDK for third-party application developers is available for non-commercial use at the BlueSoleil download site, but this API will only work with the non-free version of the stack, BlueSoleil 6.4 and above.

BlueFritz!

BlueFritz! is the stack supplied with the USB Bluetooth dongles from the German manufacturer AVM GmbH. It supports the profiles SPP, DUN, FTP, FAX and some more. HID is not supported. This stack can be switched into a mode where it is off and the Microsoft stack is used instead. Development of this stack has been aborted.

Embedded implementations

Apache Mynewt NimBLE

Apache Mynewt NimBLE is a full-featured, open source Bluetooth Low Energy 4.2 protocol stack written in C for embedded systems. The implementation supports all layers of the Bluetooth protocol. The first ports for the Controller part are to nRF51 Series and nRF52 SoCs from Nordic Semiconductors. It leverages the open source Apache Mynewt OS which is designed to support multiple microcontroller architectures.[16] The implementation allows for the Mynewt NimBLE Controller part to be used with a non-Mynewt NimBLE Host.

BlueCode+

BlueCode+ is the portable higher layer Bluetooth protocol stack from Stollmann E+V GmbH. BlueCode+ 4.0 is qualified to Bluetooth version 3.0.[17] The protocol stack is chipset and operating system independent and supports any Bluetooth HCI chips available. The APIs offer control of the profiles and stack functions, as well as direct access to lower level functions. BlueCode+ 4.0 supports the protocols L2CAP, eL2CAP, RFCOMM, SDP Server and Client, MCAP, HCI-Host Side and AVDTP. Supported profiles are Generic Access (GAP), Service Discovery Application (SDAP), Serial Port Profile (SPP), Health Device Profile (HDP), Device Identification Profile (DID), Dial-up Networking (DUN), Fax, Headset (HSP), Handsfree (HFP), SIM Access (SAP), Phone Book Access (PBAP), Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), Audio/Video Remote Control (AVRCP) and OBEX. The stack has been ported to a wide range of different microcontrollers and operating systems.

BlueCore Host Software (BCHS) a.k.a. CSR Synergy

CSR's BCHS or BlueCore Host Software (now called CSR Synergy) provides the upper layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack (above HCI, or optionally RFCOMM) - plus a large library of Profiles — providing a complete system software solution for embedded BlueCore applications. Current qualified Profiles available with BCHS: A2DP, AVRCP, PBAP, BIP, BPP, CTP, DUN, FAX, FM API, FTP GAP, GAVDP, GOEP, HCRP, Headset, HF1.5, HID, ICP, JSR82, LAP Message Access Profile, OPP, PAN, SAP, SDAP, SPP, SYNC, SYNC ML.[18]

BlueLet

Also a product of IVT Corporation. DUN, FAX, HFP, HSP, LAP, OBEX, OPP, PAN and SPP are currently supported.

BlueMagic

BlueMagic 3.0 is Qualcomm's (formerly Open Interface North America's) highly portable embedded Bluetooth protocol stack which powers Apple's iPhone and Qualcomm-powered devices such as the Motorola RAZR. BlueMagic also ships in products by Logitech, Samsung, LG, Sharp, Sagem, and more. BlueMagic 3.0 was the first fully certified (all protocols and profiles) Bluetooth protocol stack at the 1.1 level.[19]

Bluetopia

Bluetopia is Stonestreet One's implementation of the upper layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack above the HCI interface and has been qualified to version 4.0 and earlier versions of the Bluetooth specification. The Application Programming Interface (API) provides access to all of the upper-layer protocols and profiles and can interface directly to the most popular Bluetooth chips from Broadcom, CSR, TI, and others. Bluetopia has been ported to multiple operating systems such as Windows Mobile/Windows CE, Linux, QNX, Nucleus, uCOS, ThreadX, NetBSD, and others. Bluetopia is currently shipping in devices from companies such as Motorola, Kodak, Honeywell, Garmin, VTech, and Harris.

Stonestreet One was acquired by Qualcomm in 2014.

ClarinoxBlue

Bluetooth host subsystem product of Clarinox Technologies. Support for Windows 7/8/8.1, WinCE, Linux, Integrity, QNX, FreeRTOS, uC/OS, ThreadX, Nucleus, MQX, RTX, embOS, TI-RTOS, DSP/BIOS, eCos and VelOSity. Bluetooth classic HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM, SDP,BNEP, AVCTP, AVDTP protocols and SDAP, GAP, SPP, DUN, HFP, HSP, OBEX, FTP, AVRCP, A2DP, MAP, PBAP, HID, HDP, PAN profiles are supported. Bluetooth Low Energy custom GATT and all GATT based profiles, IPSP profiles are currently supported. The stack has been ported to many CPU and MCU families including Freescale; iMX6, iMX7, Kinetis K6x, STMicro; STM32F4x, NXP; LPC 18xx, LPC43xx, TI OMAP/Davinci, Tiva TM4C129x, Renesas; S7G2, Xilinx; PowerPC, soft core SPARC LEON.[20]

dotstack

dotstack, a dual mode Bluetooth stack by SEARAN, is a good fit for low cost and low power embedded devices, tested with iPhone (uses SEARAN’s IAP), Android and other mobile platforms. dotstack™ is qualified as V2.1 + EDR, V4.1, V4.2 with SPP, GAP, HID, Headset, HFP, FTP, HDP, PBAP, Simple Secure Pairing, A2DP, AVRCP, PAN, MAP, BLE (GATT) with a whole set of BLE profiles. dotstack is ported to platforms from, ST Micro (STM32L1/4, STM32F0/1/2/3/4), Microchip (PIC24, dsPIC, PIC32), NXP (LPC), Energy Micro (EFM32), TI (MSP430, C5000 etc.), Renesas (RX, SH-2A, M2 ARM Cortex A15, R-Car), and tested with Bluetooth RF controllers, CSR8811/8311/8510, BlueCore 4 & 6, TI CC2560/2564, Intel/Infineon PMB8753, Marvell Avastar 88w8777, 88W8790, Toshiba TC35661, Microchip/ISSC IS1662. dotstack has FreeRTOS, uOS, Linux, Android, QNX, MQX, ThreadX, and no RTOS integration. Min RAM requirement for SPP 3KB with RTOS and app.[21]

EtherMind stack

EtherMind from MINDTREE Ltd is a BT-SIG qualified Bluetooth Stack and Profile IP offering.[22]

Mindtree’s EtherMind Stack supports all popular versions of Bluetooth specifications (2.1+EDR, v4.0, v4.1 and v4.2) and includes all mandatory and optional features of the core stack and all the adopted profiles are supported as part of EtherMind. The stack supports the latest adopted version of 23 Bluetooth Classic Profiles[23] such as A2DP, AVRCP, etc.; and 54 Bluetooth Low Energy Profiles & Services[24] such as Location and Navigation Profile, Weight Scale Profile/Service, etc. The offering includes the latest Smart Mesh and IPv6 Stack over Bluetooth Smart capabilities.

Jungo BTware

Jungo's Bluetooth Protocol Stack BTware allows device manufactures to easily incorporate standard Bluetooth connectivity in their designs, including mobile handsets, automotive infotainment systems, set top boxes and medical devices. BTware supports standard HCI as well as proprietary HCI. Supported protocols: L2CAP, RFCOMM, AVDTP, AVCTP, BNEP, MCAP. Supported profiles: GAP, A2DP, AVRCP, HSP, HFP, SPP, DUN, HID, PAN, HDP, PBAP, OPP, FTP, MAP and others. Jungo has discontinued distributing BTware.

lwBT

lwBT is an open source lightweight Bluetooth protocol stack for embedded systems by blue-machines. It acts as a network interface for the lwIP protocol stack.

It supports some Bluetooth protocols and layers, such as the H4 and BCSP UART layers. Supported higher layers include: HCI, L2CAP, SDP, BNEP, RFCOMM and PPP. The supported profiles are: PAN (NAP, GN, PANU), LAP, DUN and Serial Port.

lwBT has been ported to the Renesas M16C, used on the Mulle platform, line of microcontrollers, and Linux as well as Windows. The source code was also available for use.

A fork of lwBT can be found in the GitHub repository because Googlecode is gone.[25]

Mecel Betula

Mecel Betula is a Bluetooth stack aimed at the embedded automotive market. The stack has support for a wide range of CPUs including, ARM, Renesas V850, TI DSP 54xx and 55xx family and x86 compatible. It also ported to a wide range of operating systems, such as Windows, Linux, Android or running without or with a custom OS. It has support for Bluetooth version 4.0, including the new Bluetooth Low Energy.[26] Supported profiles are HSP, DUN, FAX, HFP, PBAP, MAP, OPP, FTP, BIP, BPP, SYNC, GAVDP, A2DP, AVRCP, HID, SAP, PAN.

SurfBlue

Siemens' implementation of the blue2net access point.

Symbian OS

Symbian OS is an operating system for mobile phones, which includes a Bluetooth stack. All phones based on Nokia's S60 platform and UIQ Technology's UIQ platform use this stack. The Symbian Bluetooth stack runs in user space rather than kernel space, and has public APIs for L2CAP, RFCOMM, SDP, AVRCP, etc. Profiles supported in the OS include GAP, OBEX, SPP, AVRCP, GAVDP, PAN and PBAP.[27] Additional profiles supported in the OS + S60 platform combination include A2DP, HSP, HFP1.5, FTP, OPP, BIP, DUN, SIM access and device ID.[28][29]

Blue SDK

OpenSynergy's Bluetooth Protocol Stack (Blue SDK) currently provides A2DP, AVRCP, VDP, BIP, BPP, CTN, FTP, GPP, HFP, HSP, HCRP, HDP, HID, MAP,OPP, PAN, PBAP, SAP, DUN, FAX, DID, GATT profiles. It is licensed by the Bluetooth™ Special Interest Group (SIG) and meets the standards of safety and security expected in automotive-grade products. Bluetooth™ Software Development Kit (Blue SDK) can easily be integrated into any operating system. It supports both BR/EDR (Classic) and Low Energy operations, classic profiles and low energy profiles use the same underlying protocol stack software. [30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Implementing Bluetooth in an Embedded Environment". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Selim Çιracι; Evren Karaca; Mark Reşat Pariente (2006-05-19). "Bluetooth Audio Streaming on Linux-Based Embedded Devices" (PDF). Bilkent University. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  3. ↑ "hidd". Linuxcommand.org. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  4. ↑ "Returning BlueZ to Android". LWN.net. 2014-05-06.
  5. ↑ "Loading". Developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  6. ↑ "Broadcom to Acquire WIDCOMM, the Industry's Leading Provider of Critical Software for Bluetooth Wireless Devices" (Press release). Broadcom. 2004-04-19. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bluetooth Wireless Technology FAQ". Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "General Bluetooth Support in Windows". Microsoft.
  9. ↑ "General Bluetooth Support in Windows". Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  10. ↑ "Bluetooth HCI Transport Layer". Msdn.microsoft.com. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Bluetooth Wireless Technology FAQ - 2010". Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  12. ↑ "USB/1394 on the PC". Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  13. ↑ "Bluetooth Low Energy Overview". Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  14. ↑ "harmony". Csr.com. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  15. ↑ Mainelli, Tom (2001-09-18). "Toshiba Debuts First Bluetooth/Wi-Fi Notebooks". PCWorld. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  16. ↑ "Apache Mynewt RTOS Addresses IoT Power, Memory, Storage Constraints". www.infoq.com. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
  17. ↑ "The Official Bluetooth SIG Member Website". Bluetooth.org. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  18. ↑ "The Official Bluetooth SIG Member Website". Bluetooth.org. 2002-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  19. ↑ Greg Burns, CTO, Open Interface North America. June 4, 2007 Managing Bluetooth Profiles: A Billion Served
  20. ↑ "ClarinoxBlue". clarinox. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  21. ↑ "dotstack". Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  22. ↑ "Mindtree's Short Range Wireless IP Offerings". Mindtree.com. 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  23. ↑ "Mindtree v4.0 Smart Ready stack & profile qualification BT-SIG Certification #D024827". www.bluetooth.org. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  24. ↑ "Mindtree v4.2 Bluetooth Smart stack & profile qualification BT-SIG Certification #D025118". www.bluetooth.org. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  25. ↑ "A fork of the lwBT stack". lwalkera. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  26. ↑ "Mecel Betula". Mecel AB. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  27. ↑ "The Official Bluetooth SIG Member Website". Bluetooth.org. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  28. ↑ "The Official Bluetooth SIG Member Website". Bluetooth.org. 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  29. ↑ https://www.bluetooth.hrc.ac.in
  30. ↑ "OpenSynergy's Blue SDK".

External links

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