United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1944

Olin Johnston

The 1944 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 7, 1944 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Ellison D. Smith was defeated in the Democratic primary by Governor Olin D. Johnston. The general election was contested, but a victory by Johnston was never in doubt.

Democratic primary

By 1944, Ellison D. Smith had served 35 years in the Senate and was approaching his 80th birthday. He was an ardent foe of the New Deal in the Senate and opposed almost every policy of President Roosevelt. His opponent in the previous Senate election was Governor Olin D. Johnston, who challenged him once again in the Democratic primary. While Johnston was fully supportive of the New Deal in 1938, he had moderated his enthusiasm towards Roosevelt's domestic policies in 1944. Johnston instead would put a great deal of focus into praising Roosevelt's popular foreign policy which was succeeding in bringing the United States closer to victory in World War II.

Cotton Ed Smith

Smith had campaigned over the years on a two plank platform: keep the negroes down and the price of cotton up. Yet Johnston was able seize the mantle of white supremacy from Smith in 1944. The Supreme Court had decided early in the year in the case Smith v. Allwright that primary elections must be open to all, regardless of race. Johnston, as governor, had called the General Assembly into session to make the South Carolina Democratic Party a private club so that it could restrict its primaries to white voters. Thus on the campaign trail Johnston was able to prove to the voters that he had acted during a time of crisis to save the Democratic primary from the blacks. Furthermore, Johnston's youthful appearance contrasted sharply with Smith's aged and tired persona. The voters were shocked when Smith failed to deliver a full speech during one debate with Johnston and instead played a recording of a speech he had made six years prior.

Democratic Primary
Candidate Votes %
Olin D. Johnston 138,440 55.2
Ellison D. Smith 88,085 35.1
John M. Daniel 14,572 5.8
Carl B. Epps 6,861 2.7
A.S. Merrimon 2,858 1.2

General election campaign

Winning the Democratic primary was tantamount to winning the general election, so Johnston was virtually assured of becoming the next Senator from South Carolina.

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James B. Gaston

The South Carolina Republican Party was controlled by the white faction and they nominated James B. Gaston as their candidate. The Tolbert black and tan faction was rebuffed by the national Republican Party, but they proceeded to nominate B.L. Hendrix for the election. Many of the black civil rights leaders of the state decided to form their own political party in response to the state Democratic party becoming a private entity. Their party, called the Progressive Democratic Party, nominated Osceola E. McKaine for the Senate election with the sole purpose of motivating blacks in the state to register and vote.

General election results

South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1944
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Olin D. Johnston 94,556 93.0 -5.9
Republican James B. Gaston 3,807 3.7 N/A
Progressive Democratic Osceola E. McKaine 3,214 3.2 +3.2
Republican (Tolbert) B.L. Hendrix 141 0.1 N/A
No party Write-Ins 18 0.0 0.0
Majority 90,749 89.3 -8.5
Turnout 101,736
Democratic hold
  65+% won by Johnston

See also

References

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