Timeline of the Philippine–American War

The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902),[1] was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired by the United States from Spain.[2][3] This article lists significant events from before, during, and after that war, with links to other articles containing more detail.

Spanish–American War period

Prewar events

Prior to the Spanish–American War, the Philippine Revolution against Spain had been suspended by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Following on that pact, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been leader of the Katipunan, went into exile in Hong Kong along with other revolutionary leaders. Some revolutionaries remained in the Philippines and continued the revolution. When the Spanish–American War broke out, American forces sailed for the Philippines and decisively defeated the Spanish Navy. Aguinaldo then returned to the Philippines, and resumed a leadership role in the revolution. As the Spanish–American War continues, Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence and establishes an insurgent government. On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. In one provision of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S.

1898

1899

Start and ending dates

Depending on events chosen to mark the beginning and the end of the war, a number of different start and ending dates can be given. For purposes of this article, the war is considered to have begun on 4 February 1899, and to have ended on 4 July 1902.

Armed conflict erupted in Manila between U.S. and Filipino forces on 4 February 1899. On that date, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a proclamation ordering, in part, "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war."[20] On 2 June 1899, the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a Declaration of War on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly.[21]

The ending of the war was not formalized in a treaty by which it can be dated. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces on 23 March 1901, and swore allegiance to the U.S. on 1 April, appealing to all Filipinos to accept the "sovereignty of the United States ...". Armed conflict continued, however, until the surrender of the last Filipino general on 13 April 1902.[22] On 4 July 1902, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, and that July 4 date is often mentioned as the ending date of the war.[23] On 9 April 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on 16 April 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar.[24]

However, despite these proclamations from the Americans and ilustrado elite, the war continued across the archipelago for over a decade. Bands of guerrillas, millenarian movements and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside, still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913.[25][26] Some other sources describe post-1902 actions in Mindanao as a separate conflict.[27]

Timeline

1899

1900

1901

1902

Postwar events

1904

1906

1911

1913

See also

References

  1. Wolters, W.G. (2004), "Philippine War of Independence", in Keat Gin Ooi, Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor, II, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
  2. 1 2 Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale University
  3. Carman Fitz Randolph (2009), "Chapter I, The Annexation of the Philippines", The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 978-1-103-32481-1
  4. Agoncillo 1990, pp. 184, 192.
  5. Titherington 1900.
  6. Guevara 1972, p. 10.
  7. Kalaw 1927, pp. 423–429 Appendix C.
  8. Guevara 1972, p. 35.
  9. Linn 2000, p. 15.
  10. Worcester 1914, p. 63.
  11. Agoncillo 1990, pp. 197–198.
  12. Linn 2000, p. 24; Aguinaldo 2000, pp. 196–197.
  13. Linn 2000, p. 25.
  14. Halstead 1898, pp. 110–112.
  15. Halstead 1898, p. 315.
  16. Wolff 2006, p. 163.
  17. Wolff 2006, p. 172; Zaide 1994, p. 262
  18. 1 2 3 Guevara 1972, p. 104.
  19. 1 2 Wolff 2006, p. 173; "Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish-American War". U.S. Library of Congress.
  20. 1 2 Halstead 1898, p. 318,
  21. Kalaw 1927, pp. 199–200 Ch.7
  22. Tucker 2009, p. 476.
  23. 1 2 Worcester 1914, p. 180; Tucker 2009, p. 476.
  24. "Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002". Official Gazette. April 9, 2002.
  25. "PNP History", Philippine National Police, Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government, archived from the original on 2008-06-17, retrieved 29 August 2009
  26. Constantino 1975, pp. 251–253
  27. Arnold, James R. (2011). The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60819-365-3.
  28. Linn 2000, pp. 42–64.
  29. Linn 2000, p. 99.
  30. Linn 2000, pp. 102–104.
  31. Linn 2000, p. 103,
  32. Report of an expedition to the Province of La Laguna, culbertsonmansion.com, (archived from the original on 2008-07-24).
  33. Linn 2000, pp. 106–107.
  34. Kalaw 1927, pp. 199–200.
  35. Linn 2000, pp. 136–137.
  36. Linn 2000, p. 120; "Battle Across the Zapote River". 1st Battalion /14th Infantry Regiment. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. External link in |publisher= (help)
  37. Linn 2000, pp. 150–151
  38. Linn 2000, pp. 187, 362 (note 6).
  39. Linn 2000, pp. 155–156.
  40. Linn 2000, pp. 160–161
  41. Barnes 2010, p. 255.
  42. Miller 1984, p. 161.
  43. Mona Lisa H. Quizo. "Jagna Martyrs: Unsung Heroes". National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
  44. Linn 2000, p. 175; Agoncillo 1990, pp. 226–227.
  45. 1 2 Agoncillo 1990, p. 227.
  46. Escalante 2007, p. 126.
  47. Miller 1984, pp. 207–211; Also see J. Franklin Bell#Alleged War crimes.
  48. Tucker 2009, p. 132.
  49. "U.S. War Crimes in the Philippines". worldfuturefund.org. External link in |publisher= (help)
  50. 1 2 3 Linn 2000, p. 321.

Bibliography

Further reading

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