Placental microbiome

Placenta and its tissue layers

The placental microbiome is the nonpathogenic, commensal bacteria present in a healthy human placenta and is distinct from bacteria that cause infection and preterm birth in chorioamnionitis.[1] Until recently, the healthy placenta was considered to be a sterile organ but now genera and species have been identified that reside in the basal layer.[1][2][3][4][5]

The placental microbiome more closely resembles that of the oral microbiome than either the vaginal or rectal microbiome.[1]

Bacterial species and genera

Culturable and non-culturable bacterial species in the placenta obtained following normal term pregnancy have been identified.

Binomial name Commensal Transient Potential
pathogen		 References
Prevotella tannerae x x [3][6][7]
Firmicutes spp x x [2][8]
Tenericutes ssp x x [2]
Fusobacterium nucleatum x [9]
Prevotella tanerae x
Bacteroides spp x [8]
Fusobacterium spp x
Streptomyces avermitilis x [8]
Neisseria polysaccharea x
Neisseria lactamica x
Proteobacteria ssp x [2][8]
Bacteroidetes ssp x [2]
Escherichia coli x x [4][7]
Escherichia ssp x x [7]
Actinobacteria ssp x [8]
Cyanobacteria ssp x [8]
Chloroflexi ssp x [8]
Aquificae ssp x [8]
Verrucomicrobia ssp x [8]
Vibrio ssp x [8]
Burkholderia ssp x [8]
Beijerinckia ssp x [8]

A change in the composition of the microbiota in the placenta is associated with excess gestational weight gain, pre-term birth, and decreased overall species richness and variant abundance.[8] The placental microbiota varies between low birth weights and normal birth weights.[10] While bacteria are often found in the amniotic fluid of failed pregnancies, they are also found in particulate matter that is found in about 1% of health pregnancies.[2]

In non-human animals, part of the microbiome is passed onto offspring even before the offspring are born. Bacteriologists assume that the same probably holds true for humans.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fox, Chelsea; Eichelberger, Kacey (2015). "Maternal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes". Fertility and Sterility. 104 (6): 1358–1363. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.037. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 26493119.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wassenaar, T.M.; Panigrahi, P. (2014). "Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment?". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 59 (6): 572–579. doi:10.1111/lam.12334. ISSN 0266-8254. PMID 25273890.
  3. 1 2 Yarbrough, V. L.; Winkle, S.; Herbst-Kralovetz, M. M. (2014). "Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications". Human Reproduction Update. 21 (3): 353–377. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu065. ISSN 1355-4786.
  4. 1 2 Stout, Molly J.; Conlon, Bridget; Landeau, Michele; Lee, Iris; Bower, Carolyn; Zhao, Qiuhong; Roehl, Kimberly A.; Nelson, D. Michael; Macones, George A.; Mysorekar, Indira U. (2013). "Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 208 (3): 226.e1–226.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.018. ISSN 0002-9378.
  5. ↑ Schwiertz, Andreas (2016). Microbiota of the human body : implications in health and disease. Switzerland: Springer. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-319-31248-4.
  6. ↑ Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young (2015). "Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 213 (4): S131–S137. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 26428492.
  7. 1 2 3 Todar, K. "Pathogenic E. coli". Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Antony, Kathleen M.; Ma, Jun; Mitchell, Kristen B.; Racusin, Diana A.; Versalovic, James; Aagaard, Kjersti (2015). "The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 212 (5): 653.e1–653.e16. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.041. ISSN 0002-9378.
  9. ↑ Prince, Amanda L.; Antony, Kathleen M.; Chu, Derrick M.; Aagaard, Kjersti M. (2014). "The microbiome, parturition, and timing of birth: more questions than answers". Journal of ReproductiveImmunology. 104-105: 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2014.03.006. ISSN 0165-0378.
  10. ↑ Zheng, Jia; Xiao, Xinhua; Zhang, Qian; Mao, Lili; Yu, Miao; Xu, Jianping (2015). "The Placental Microbiome Varies in Association with Low Birth Weight in Full-Term Neonates". Nutrients. 7 (8): 6924–6937. doi:10.3390/nu7085315. ISSN 2072-6643.

See also

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