List of local anesthetics
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This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.
List of local anesthetic agents
| Drug | Other common names | First synthesis | Dates of clinical use | Chemical/Structural Class | Duration of Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| amylocaine | Stovaine | 1904 (Ernest Fourneau) | |||||
| Ambucaine |  Ambucaine[1] |
||||||
| articaine | Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine | ||||||
| benzocaine | Anbesol, Orajel | Ester - Aminobenzoic | Short | ||||
| benzonatate | Tessalon | ||||||
| bupivacaine | Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) | Amide | Moderate | ||
| butacaine | |||||||
| butanilicaine | |||||||
| chloroprocaine | Nesacaine | Ester - Aminobenzoic | |||||
| cinchocaine (dibucaine) | Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine | 1925 (Meischer) | 1930 (Uhlmann) | Ester - Aminobenzoic | |||
| cocaine | 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) | 1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) | Ester - Benzoic | ||||
| Cyclomethycaine | Ester - Benzoic | ||||||
| Dibucaine | |||||||
| Diperodon | |||||||
| Dimethisoquin | |||||||
| dimethocaine (larocaine) | |||||||
| Eucaine | α-Eucaine, β-eucaine |
|
|||||
| etidocaine | Duranest | 1971 (Takman) | 1972 (Lund) | ||||
| hexylcaine | Cyclaine, Osmocaine | ||||||
| Fomocaine |  Fomocaine[10] |
||||||
| Fotocaine |  Fotocaine[10] |
||||||
| Hydroxyprocaine |  Hydroxyprocaine |
||||||
| Isobucaine | |||||||
| levobupivacaine | Chirocaine | 1990s (Mather and Tucker) | 1995 | ||||
| lidocaine[13][14]
(lignocaine) |
Xylocaine |  Lidamidine |
1947 (Torsten Gordh) | ||||
| mepivacaine | Carbocaine, Polocaine | 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) | 1957 (Dhuner) | ||||
| meprylcaine | Epirocain | ||||||
| metabutoxycaine | |||||||
| nitracaine | Ester- Aminobenzoic | ||||||
| orthocaine | |||||||
| oxetacaine (oxethazaine) | |||||||
| oxybuprocaine (benoxinate) | Novesine | ||||||
| Paraethoxycaine |  Paraethoxycaine.[15] |
||||||
| phenacaine | Holocaine | ||||||
| piperocaine (metycaine) | |||||||
| Piridocaine | |||||||
| pramocaine (pramoxine) | |||||||
| prilocaine | Citanest | 1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner) | 1960 (Wielding) | ||||
| Primacaine | — | ||||||
| procaine | Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine | 1904 (Alfred Einhorn) | 1905 (Heinrich Braun) | ||||
| Procainamide | |||||||
| proparacaine (proxymetacaine) | |||||||
| propoxycaine | doi:10.1021/ja01123a005 | ||||||
| Pyrrocaine |  Pyrrocaine[17] |
||||||
| quinisocaine (dimethisoquin) | |||||||
| ropivacaine | Naropin | 1957 (Ekenstam) | 1997 | ||||
| trimecaine | Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain | ||||||
| tetracaine (amethocaine) | Dicaine, Pontocaine | 1928 (O. Eisleb) | 1931 | ||||
| Tolycaine |  Tolycaine[18] |
||||||
| Tropacocaine | doi:10.1039/CT9099501020 | ||||||
See also
- 4-Aminobenzoic acid
- Amino amide
- Amino esters
- Anesthesia
- Anesthetic
- Brachial plexus block
- Cocaine analogues: local anesthetics
- Dental anesthesia
- Dibucaine number
- Epidural
- Intravenous regional anesthesia
- Local anesthesia
- Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor
- Local anesthetic toxicity
- Methemoglobin
- Sodium channel blocker
- Spinal anesthesia
- Topical anesthesia
- Veterinary anesthesia
References
- ↑ J. Buchi, E. Stunzi, M. Flurg, R. Hirt, P. Labhart, and L. Ragaz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 34, 1002 (1951).
- ↑ S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946).
- ↑ K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
- ↑ 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
- ↑ M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
- ↑ T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
- ↑ Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328 (3): 322. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303.
- ↑ G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
- ↑ H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
- 1 2 Schoenberger, Matthias; Damijonaitis, Arunas; Zhang, Zinan; Nagel, Daniel; Trauner, Dirk (2014). "Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (7): 514–518. doi:10.1021/cn500070w. ISSN 1948-7193. nih.gov article
- ↑ W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
- ↑ J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945).
- ↑ "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ↑ "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- ↑ W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946).
- ↑ L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939).
- ↑ N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957).
- ↑ R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. Patent 2,921,077 (1960).
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