Kuršėnai

Kuršėnai
City
Coat of arms
Kuršėnai Location of Kuršėnai
Coordinates: 55°59′N 22°55′E / 55.983°N 22.917°E / 55.983; 22.917Coordinates: 55°59′N 22°55′E / 55.983°N 22.917°E / 55.983; 22.917
Country	Lithuania
County	Šiauliai County
Municipality	Šiauliai district municipality
Eldership	Kuršėnai town eldership
Capital of	Kuršėnai town eldership Kuršėnai rural eldership
First mentioned	16th century
Granted city rights	1947
Population (2001)
• Total	14,197
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)

Kuršėnai ( pronunciation ; Polish: Kurszany) is the twenty-fifth largest city in Lithuania. According to the 2001 census, it had 14,197 residents.^[1]

History

The town's name was first documented in the 16th century. According to historian M. Balinskis, its name is derived from word 'kuršis'. However, according to local people, the town didn't have a name for a long time. But, one summer day the river Venta flooded and washed all hay bales which were standing at the river banks. People started questioning each other: where is the hay? where is the hay? („Kur šienai? Kur šienai?“). Since then, the town name stayed as Kuršėnai.^[2]

Since a clay that is ideal for fine ceramics was detected near Kuršėnai, pottery has long been thriving in the city. In the last century, Kuršėnai became famous for fairs abundant in earthenware. Kuršėnai is called the “Capital of Potters” not only due to the abundance of such handicraftsmen in the city but also because the All-Time Potter’s Crown has been solely won by the folk artists of Kuršėnai such as J. Paulauskas, V. Damkus, B. Radeckas, and J. Vertelis. It clearly is no coincidence that a pitcher is one of the elements of the Coat of Arms of the city.

The history of Kuršėnai Manor begins in 1564 when Sigismund Augustus gave the said manor as a fief to George Despot-Zenovich, the Castellan of Polotsk. Soon, a settlement began to grow in the manor lands on the other side of the Venta, and in 1569 the first wooden church was erected. In 1621, the estate went to S. Pac, the Grand Treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and a decade later the manor became the property of George Gruzewski and his wife. At the end of the 18th century, Kuršėnai were inherited by Stephen Gruzewski. Having brought in the artist J. Rilke with the apprentice team, he built a new (current) manor house and a chapel and renovated other buildings in 1811. The estate flourished still further under ruling of his younger son Edward who took it over in 1846.

Kuršėnai Manor has the most valuable heritage of wooden manorial architecture in Šiauliai District. The original staircase, window frames, and wooden front doors have survived.^[3]

The estate of Kurshan was under Russian rule from 1795 to 1914, first in the Vilna Governorate and from 1843 in the Kovno Governorate. The mansion and the park were devastated by the Germans who occupied the manor during the First World War and took away the most valuable things. In 1914 the town's Jewish population was expelled by the Russian army, who accused them of collaborating with the Germans.^[4] The fire of 1915 destroyed the peasant farms, barns, and sheds. The manor belonged to George Gruzewski at that time. Owing to advanced farming, the estate was flourishing during the interwar period. The manor was nationalized in 1940.

Outside the manor, the town itself began to grow in 1873 when a railway station was built here.

In 1939 there were around 900 Jews living in the village (out of the total population of around 3000).^[5] Their persecution began in July, 1941. Immediately following the arrival of the Germans a Lithuanian partisan squad was formed in Kuršėnai. They arrested supporters of the Soviet regime and assigned the Jews to various forced labor tasks. When a ghetto was set up in Kuršėnai by an order of Nazi authorities many Jews were housed in the two synagogues. At the end of July a group of Lithuanian nationalists (white armbanders) and police seized approximately 150 to 168 Jewish men and murdered them in a mass execution in a nearby forest, about three kilometers from city.^[6]

Famous people

• Stasys Raštikis, Lithuanian army general
• Donald Kagan, Yale Classics professor
• Laurynas Ivinskis (1810 - 1881) - the first person who designed Lithuanian calendar in Lithuania. He is buried here.
• Vacys Reimeris, poet
• Stasys Lipskis
• Arieh Kubovy (1897–1966), chairman of Yad Vashem^[7]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuršėnai.

Šiauliai County
Municipalities	Akmenė Joniškis Kelmė Pakruojis Radviliškis Šiauliai (city) Šiauliai (district)
Cities	Akmenė Joniškis Kelmė Kuršėnai Linkuva Naujoji Akmenė Pakruojis Radviliškis Šeduva Šiauliai Tytuvėnai Užventis Venta Žagarė
Towns	Baisogala Bazilionai Grinkiškis Gruzdžiai Kairiai Karklėnai Klovainiai Kražiai Kriukai Kruopiai Kurtuvėnai Kužiai Lioliai Lygumai Meškuičiai Palonai Papilė Pašilė Pašušvys Pašvitinys Pociūnėliai Rozalimas Šakyna Šaukėnai Šaukotas Šiaulėnai Sidabravas Skaistgirys Tyruliai Vadaktai Žalpiai Žeimelis
Villages	Alkiškiai Barysiai Burbiškis Daubiškiai Kivyliai Kolainiai Minaičiai Padubysis Pašiaušė Pociūnai Sablauskiai Šiupyliai