Ambulacraria

Ambulacrarians Temporal range: Late Ediacaran - Recent

Various sea stars and sea urchins among mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
(unranked):	Bilateria
Superphylum:	Ambulacraria
Phyla
Echinodermata (20,000 species) Hemichordata (71 species)

Ambulacraria or Coelomopora is a clade of invertebrate phyla which includes echinoderms and hemichordates; a member of this group is called an ambulacrarian. The Ambulacraria are part of the Deuterostomes, a larger clade that also includes the Chordata and Vetulicolia.

The two living phyla with representative organisms are:

Phylum Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea lilies, etc.)
Phylum Hemichordata (acorn worms, Pterobranchia, and possibly graptolites)

The phylum Xenoturbellida (two species of worm-like animals) has previously been considered to be in this clade, but is now considered to be placed more basally among Metazoans.^[1]

Fossil taxa that may lie on the stem lineage:

?Superphylum Ambulacraria#
- unranked clade Cambroernida
  - unranked clade = Eldoniida
  - † Herpetogaster Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010^[2] - with one species: † Herpetogaster collinsi Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010^[2]

References

↑ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4.
1 2 Caron, J.; Conway Morris, S.; Shu, D. (2010). "Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) interpreted as primitive deuterostomes". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9586. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009586. PMC 2833208. PMID 20221405.

Extant phyla of kingdom Animalia

Domain

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukaryota

(Supergroup

Plant

Hacrobia

Heterokont

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Excavata

Amoebozoa

Opisthokonta

Animal

Fungi)

P
l
a
n
u
l
o
z
o
a

Cnidaria (corals, anemones, hydrozoans, jellyfish, myxozoans)

B
i
l
a
t
e
r
i
a

Xenacoelomorpha	Xenoturbellida (Xenoturbella) Acoelomorpha (acoels, nemertodermatids)

N
e
p
h
r
o
z
o
a

Deuterostomia

Chordata (lancelets, tunicates, craniates)

Ambulacraria	Hemichordata (acorn worms, pterobranchs) Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins and relatives)

P
r
o
t
o
s
t
o
m
i
a

basal / incertae sedis	Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

Ecdysozoa
(molting animals)

Incertae sedis	Loricifera

Scalidophora	Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) Priapulida (penis worms)

Nematoida	Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) Nematoda (roundworms)

Panarthropoda	Tardigrada (waterbears) Onychophora (velvet worms) Arthropoda (arthropods)

Spiralia

Gnathifera

Platytrochozoa

Rouphozoa

Lophotrochozoa

Orthonectida² Dicyemida (Rhombozoa)² Mollusca (molluscs) Nemertea (ribbon worms) Annelida (ringed worms)

Lophophorata	Brachiopoda (lamp shells) Phoronida (horseshoe worms) Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) (moss animals)

Clade	Cycliophora (Symbion) Entoprocta (Kamptozoa)

Dubious	Monoblastozoa (Salinella)

Obsolete	Pentastomida (tongue worms) (in Arthropoda) Sipuncula (peanut worms) (in Annelida) Echiura (spoon worms) (in Annelida) Pogonophora (giant tube worms) (in Annelida) Vestimentifera (in Annelida) Myxozoa (in Cnidaria) Molluscoida (polyphyletic) Aschelminthes (polyphyletic) Gephyrea (polyphyletic) Coelenterata (polyphyletic) Annulata (polyphyletic)

¹Rotifera (paraphyletic phylum) and Acanthocephala (monophyletic phylum) comprise clade Syndermata

²Mesozoans

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