490s

Events

Contents: 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499

490

By place

Europe

• Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza.
• King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded.
• Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity.
• King Alaric II supports Theodoric in his conquest of Italy, by dispatching an Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia.^[1]
• August 11 – Battle of Adda: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer, on the Adda River, near Milan.
• Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities of Cesena and Rimini retain their allegiance to Odoacer.

Asia

• Empress Feng of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty dies. She is buried with magnificent honors, in the Wenming Tomb.

By topic

Agriculture

• Corn rises to a terrible famine price, and before the end of the siege of Ravenna the inhabitants feed on the hides of animals; many of them perish of hunger.

Religion

• Euphemius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

491

By place

Byzantine Empire

• April 9 – Emperor Zeno, age 66, dies of dysentery after a 17-year reign. He has no sons to succeed him and Anastasius, palace official (silentiarius) and favoured friend of empress Ariadne, is elevated to the throne.
• May 20 – Anastasius I marries Ariadne shortly after his accession. His reign is disturbed by religious distractions and a civil war started by Longinus, brother of late emperor Zeno.
• Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala, are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).

Britannia

• Aelle of Sussex besieges and conquers the fortified town Anderitum in southern Britain. He massacres the population, apparently sub-Roman Brythons (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

Europe

• July 9 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theodoric the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric repulses the attack, forcing Odoacer back into Ravenna.

By topic

Religion

• Lupicinus becomes bishop of Lyon. He is the founder of the abbeys of Saint Claude (Jura Mountains).

492

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Isaurian War: The Isaurians begin a revolt against Emperor Anastasius I in southern Central Anatolia. The rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback, in the Battle of Cotyaeum (subordinate commanders include the future Justin I). They retreat to their mountain fortresses and continue guerrilla warfare against the Roman forces until 497.

Europe

• King Theoderic the Great conquers Rimini, and brings his Ostrogoth fleet to blockade the harbours six miles from the capital of Ravenna. Important provisions, food and supplies, are cut off and the inhabitants are starved to death.

By topic

Religion

• January 3 – Pope Felix III dies after a 9-year reign in which he has excommunicated Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, thus dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church (Acacian schism). He is succeeded by Gelasius I as the 49th pope.

493

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Isaurian War: Claudiopolis, ancient city of Cappadocia, is besieged and captured by the Romans. The Isaurians blockade the mountain passes, but John the Hunchback (John Gibbo) wins an overwhelming victory against the rebels.

Britannia

• March – Battle for the Body of St. Patrick: The Uí Néill Dynasty fights over the body of Saint Patrick with the Airgialla Kingdom (according to the Annals of the Four Masters).

Europe

• February 25 – Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege, and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great. He steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom.^[2]
• Onoulphus, brother of Odoacer, is killed during the siege of Ravenna by archers while seeking refuge in a church.
• March 15 – Odoacer is invited to a banquet organised in order to celebrate the peace treaty. During the festivities, Odoacer is killed by Theodoric the Great. His body is skillfully sliced in half in full view of his guests. A massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters follows.
• Theodoric the Great allies with the Franks and marries Audofleda, sister of Clovis I. He also marries his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Burgundians, Vandals and Visigoths, establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West.
• Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18; she is brought up in the Catholic faith and is the daughter of King Chilperic II. Her father is murdered in the same year by his brother Gundobad.

China

• Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms. He marries Feng Qing, she becomes empress of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• Mor Hananyo Monastery is established by Mor Shlemon, converting a former Roman fortress (ex temple) in the Tur Abdin region on the Turkish/Syrian border.

494

By place

Byzantine Empire

• An earthquake devastates the port town of Latakia (modern Syria).

China

• Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang. He makes Chinese the official language of his court, and orders his nobility to adopt Chinese names.

By topic

Religion

• Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
• The Decretum Gelasianum (list of forbidden books) is attributed.
• Gelasius I canonizes Saint George.

495

By place

Britannia

• Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex.

China

• Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei builds the Shaolin Monastery (Henan) for the monk Batuo (for alternate founding date see 477 or 497).

By topic

Religion

• Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops, in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I's efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine.

496

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Emperor Anastasius I has Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed and excommunicated. He appoints Macedonius II as his successor. Euphemius is sent into exile.

Europe

• Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Zülpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom.
• December 25 – Clovis I is baptized into the Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthens the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops.

Africa

• Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death, and becomes king of the Vandals. He ends under his rule the persecution of the Catholics.

Asia

• King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne.
• Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan.

By topic

Religion

• November 21 – Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope. Gelasius becomes the last non-European pope, until the election of pope Francis in 2013.

497

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Emperor Anastasius I gives formal recognition to the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great, as his representative (viceroy) in Italy. He sends the imperial standard to Ravenna. Theodoric respects the agreement and allows Roman citizens within the Ostrogothic Kingdom to be subject to Roman law.
• Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. He pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.

China

• The Shaolin Temple (Henan) is founded (according to the Jiaqing Chongxiu Yitongzhi). For alternate founding date, see 477 or 495).

By topic

Arts and sciences

• Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician, calculates pi (π) as ≈ 62832/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.

Literature

• The Ambrosian Iliad, an Illuminated manuscript, on vellum of the Iliad of Homer is produced in Constantinople (approximate date).

498

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Emperor Anastasius I abolishes the tax throughout the Byzantine Empire, known as the chrysargyron. He reforms the monetary system, using Greek numerals instead of Roman.

Persia

• Kavadh I returns from exile with support of 30,000 troops from the Hephthalites (White Huns), and again becomes king of Persia. He punishes his opponents and probably his brother Djamasp, who usurped the throne.

Asia

• Prince Buretsu, age 9, succeeds his father Ninken and becomes the 25th emperor of Japan.

By topic

Religion

• November 19 – Pope Anastasius II dies after a 2-year reign in which he has tried to conciliate followers of Acacius, late patriarch of Constantinople, who was excommunicated by Felix III.
• November 22 – Anastasius is succeeded by Symmachus as the 51st pope, in the official papal selection in the Lateran Palace (Rome). Meanwhile, Antipope Laurentius is elected "pope" in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, causing a schism.
• Flavian II succeeds Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.

499

By place

China

• April 26 – Emperor Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei dies of starvation in his capital at Luoyang, after a 27-year reign in which he has Sinicized his tribal relatives (Tuoba clan), created a Chinese-style government and instituted a land-reform program.
• Crown prince Xuan Wu Di, age 16, succeeds his father Xiaowen and becomes emperor of Northern Wei. He appoints his uncle Yuan Xie provincial governor, who serves temporarily as regent to form a new government.

By topic

Religion

• March 1 – During a synod in Rome, which is attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, Pope Symmachus makes Antipope Laurentius bishop of the diocese of Nocera in Campania.

Mathematics

• Indian mathematician Aryabhata writes his magnum opus, the Āryabhaṭīya.

Significant people

• Abba Afse, Abuna of Ethiopia
• Anastasius II, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 496–498
• Mar Aqaq-Acace, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, 484–496
• Arthur, dux bellorum (leader of battles) and King of the Brythons of later legend
• Mar Babai I, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, 497–503
• Benedict of Nursia, founder of Western Christian monasticism
• Cerdic of Wessex, Saxon invader and future king and founder of the Kingdom of Wessex
• Cynric of Wessex, Saxon invader and future king of Wessex
• Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 489–495
• Felix II (excluding Antipope Felix II), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 483–492
• Gelasius I, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 492–496
• Macedonius II, Patriarch of Constantinople, 495–511
• Symmachus, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, p. 498–514

References