Šajkača
|
A šajkača cap | |
| Use | |
|---|---|
|
River flotilla headgear (18th century) Military headgear (19th–20th century) National symbol (modern)[1] | |
| Origin | |
| 18th-century Serbia. |
The šajkača (Serbian Cyrillic: шајкача, pronounced [ʃǎjkatʃa]) is the Serbian national hat or cap. Traditionally worn by men in the Serbian countryside, it is named after Serb river troops known as šajkaši, who protected the Austrian Empire against the Ottoman Turks in the 18th century. A popular nationalist symbol in Serbia since the beginning of the early 20th century, it is typically black or grey in colour and is usually made of soft, homemade cloth. It became widely worn by Serb men during the First Serbian Uprising and was a key component in the uniform of the Serbian military from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of the 20th century. Today, it is mostly worn by elderly men in rural communities.
History
The šajkača is a traditional hat worn by men in the Serbian countryside.[2] It is the national hat of Serbia[3] and is believed to have originated in the Serbian region of Banat during the 18th century, when šajkaši (Serb river troops in the service of the Austrian Empire) guarded the Danube and Sava rivers against the Ottoman Empire and wore caps in the shape of an overturned chaika (Serbian: Šajka, Шајка) boat. It became widely worn amongst Serbs at the time of the First Serbian Uprising, when the men of Serbian revolutionary Karađorđe Petrović began discarding their Turkish fezzes in favour of the cap.[4]
The typical cap of peasants from the Šumadija region of Serbia,[5] the šajkača eventually acquired a dual purpose: during times of peace it was worn in the countryside, and in wartime it became part of the standard Serbian military uniform.[6] During World War I, the cap was regularly worn by the soldiers of the Kingdom of Serbia.[7] Serbia was eventually overrun by a combined Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian invasion in 1915, and in 1916 the wearing of the šajkača, alongside other Serbian folk attire, was outlawed by Bulgarian authorities in the wake of the Bulgarian occupation of southern Serbia.[8] After the war, the wearing of the hat in Bosnia was made obligatory by Serbian authorities in place of the Turkish fez.[9]
During World War II, the šajkača was the standard hat worn by Serbian Chetnik irregulars in the Axis-occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[10] It was also worn by Serbian Partisans. After the war, it was replaced by the Titovka cap in the armed forces of communist Yugoslavia.[11]
The šajkača was worn by Serb soldiers during the breakup of Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serb reservists and paramilitaries wore the cap during the 1992–95 Bosnian War, and it was later adopted by Bosnian Serb forces to be the official headgear of the Army of Republika Srpska (Serbian: Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS).[12] Following the 1991 Battle of Vukovar, fought during the Croatian War of Independence, Croatian Serb authorities erected gravestones to the Serb soldiers who were killed fighting for the city. These were originally topped with sculptural evocations of the šajkača cap. After Vukovar's reintegration into Croatia the gravestones were repeatedly vandalized, leading the Serb community in the town to replace them with more neutral gravestones without any overt military connotations.[13] The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia saw McDonald's chains in Serbia promote their products by distributing posters and lapels which depicted the šajkača standing atop the golden arches of the McDonald's logo in an attempt to bolster Serbian national pride.[14]
The šajkača has been a popular nationalist symbol in Serbia since the beginning of the 20th century.[3] It is commonly worn by elderly men in the Serbian countryside,[3] whereas Serbian youth wear traditional costumes only for folklore concerts.[15]
Design
Designed with a V-shaped top in the form of an overturned chaika,[4] the šajkača is narrow and typically black or grey in colour.[16] It is usually made of soft, homemade cloth[17] and is worn without any symbols during peacetime. During times of war, cockades featuring the Serbian double-headed eagle[18] and the motto Only Unity Saves the Serbs are often seen on the cap.[3] The šajkača worn by Serbian soldiers during World War I had a non-reflecting peak and was topped with a royal monogram.[19]
Notes
- ↑ Bjeladinović 2011, p. 49.
- ↑ Đorđević 2000, p. 372.
- 1 2 3 4 Deliso 2009, p. 97.
- 1 2 Vesti Online 30 April 2010.
- ↑ Resić & Plewa 2002, p. 48.
- ↑ Jovanović 2000, p. 268.
- ↑ Jordan 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Mitrović 2007, p. 224.
- ↑ InASEA 2002, p. 76.
- ↑ Denitch 1996, p. 74.
- ↑ Serbian Mirror.
- ↑ Taylor 2008, p. 143.
- ↑ Kardov 2007, pp. 71–73.
- ↑ Ungson & Wong 2008, p. 211.
- ↑ Zamurović, Slani & Phillips-Tomašević 2002, p. 194.
- ↑ Mitchell 2010, p. 41.
- ↑ Upoznaj Srbiju 17 May 2011.
- ↑ Thomas & Mikulan 2006, p. 59.
- ↑ Thomas 2001, p. 38.
References
- Books
- Bjeladinović, Jasna (2011). Serbian Ethnic Dress in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Belgrade: Belgrade Ethnographic Museum. ISBN 978-86-7891-059-3.
- Deliso, Christopher (2009). Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34436-7.
- Denitch, Bogdan Denis (1996). Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-2947-3.
- Đorđević, Mirko (2000). "Populist Wave Literature". In Popov, Nebojša; Gojković, Drinka. The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-56-6.
- Jordan, David (2008). The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918: From Sarajevo to the Piave and Lake Tanganyika. London: Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-906626-14-3.
- Jovanović, Goran (2000). "The Yugoslav War Through Cartoons". In Halpern, Joel Martin; Kideckel, David A. Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04435-4.
- Kardov, Kruno (2007). "Remember Vukovar". In Ramet, Sabrina P; Matić, Davorka. Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-587-5.
- Mitchell, Laurence (2010). Serbia. Buckinghamshire, England: Bradt. ISBN 978-1-84162-326-9.
- Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. London: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4.
- Resić, Sanimir; Plewa, Barbara Törnquist (2002). The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press. ISBN 978-91-89116-38-2.
- Taylor, Tony (2008). Denial: History Betrayed. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85907-2.
- Thomas, Nigel (2001). Armies in the Balkans: 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-735-6.
- Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (2006). The Yugoslav Wars: Slovenia & Croatia 1991–95. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0196-8.
- Ungson, Gerardo R.; Wong, Yim-Yu (2008). Global Strategic Management. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2897-8.
- Zamurović, Dragoljub; Slani, Ilja; Phillips-Tomašević, Madge (2002). Serbia: Life and Customs. Belgrade: Applied Artists and Designers Association of Serbia. ISBN 978-86-82893-09-7.
- Journals
- Websites
- "Šajkača nas je održala". Serbian Mirror.
- "Šajkača – poreklo i značaj srpske kape". Upoznaj Srbiju. 17 May 2011.
- "Šajkaču izmislili u Banatu". Vesti Online. 30 April 2010.
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