Vanadyl ion

The vanadyl cation, VO²⁺

Cavansite, a mineral containing the vanadyl cation that demonstrates its characteristic color

The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, VO²⁺,^[1] is a blue-coloured vanadium oxocation at an oxidation state of +4. It is one of the most stable diatomic ions known and forms a wide range of complexes.

Natural occurrence

Water

VO²⁺, often in an ionic pairing with sodium (Na⁺H₂VO⁻₄), is the second most abundant transition metal in seawater, with its concentration only being exceeded by Molybdenum.^[2] In the ocean the average concentration is 30 nM. Some mineral water springs also contain the ion in high concentrations. For example, springs near Mount Fuji often contain as much as 54 μg per liter.^[2]

Compounds containing the vanadyl ion

• vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)₂
• vanadyl sulfate pentahydrate, VOSO₄·5H₂O

Related species

• pervanadyl ion, VO+
  2,^[1][3] also known as the dioxovanadium(V) ion
• vanadyl nitrate, VO(NO₃)₃^[4]
• metavanadate ion, [VO₃]n−
  n
• orthovanadate ion, VO3−
  4
• thiovanadyl ion, VS²⁺
• titanyl ion, TiO²⁺

References

Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9. 

1. 1 2 Bertrand, Gary L.; Stapleton, George W.; Wulff, Clause A.; Hepler, Loren G. (July 1966). "Thermochemistry of Aqueous Pervanadyl and Vanadyl Ions". Inorg. Chem. 5 (7): 1283–1284. doi:10.1021/ic50041a048. 
2. 1 2 Rehder, Dieter (2008). Bioinorganic Vanadium Chemistry (1st ed.). Hamburg, Germany: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 5 & 9–10. doi:10.1002/9780470994429. ISBN 9780470065099. 
3. ↑ Satyanarayan, Pal; Kasiraman, Rinku Radhika (July 2001). "Mononuclear Pervanadyl (VO+
   2) Complexes with Tridentate Schiff Bases: Self-assembling via C–H…oxo and π-π Interactions". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 627 (7): 1631–1637. doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200107)627:7<1631::AID-ZAAC1631>3.0.CO;2-H. Retrieved 26 September 2014. 
4. ↑ Varetti, E.L.; Brandán, S.A.; Ben Altabef, A. (April 1995). "Vibrational and electronic spectra of vanadyl nitrate, VO(NO₃)₃". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 51 (4): 669–675. doi:10.1016/0584-8539(94)00154-4. Retrieved 26 September 2014.