Torness Nuclear Power Station

Torness Nuclear Power Station
Location of Torness Nuclear Power Station in Scotland
Country	Scotland
Location	Dunbar, East Lothian
Coordinates	55°58′05″N 2°24′33″W / 55.96799°N 2.40908°W / 55.96799; -2.40908Coordinates: 55°58′05″N 2°24′33″W / 55.96799°N 2.40908°W / 55.96799; -2.40908
Status	Operational
Construction began	1980
Commission date	1988
Nuclear power station
Reactor type	AGR
Power generation
Units operational	2 × 682 MWe
Nameplate capacity	1,364 MWe

Torness nuclear power station was the last of the United Kingdom's second generation nuclear power plants to be commissioned. Construction of this facility began in 1980 for the then South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB) and it was commissioned in 1988. Torness nuclear power station is located approximately 30 miles (50 km) east of Edinburgh at Torness Point near Dunbar in East Lothian, Scotland. It is a local landmark, highly visible from the main A1 road and East Coast Main Line railway.

History

After extensive discussions with the local planning authority and more than twenty other interested organisations, the SSEB sought approval of the Secretary of State for Scotland in 1973 for Torness as a site for a nuclear power station. A public exhibition was held at Dunbar in February 1974 to explain the Board’s proposals, and in June 1974, a public inquiry was held.^[1]

There was widespread public opposition to the building of a nuclear plant at Torness. Diverse campaigning groups came together to highlight the environmental and human cost of nuclear power stations. In May 1978 4000 people marched from Dunbar to occupy the Torness site. Many of them signed a declaration to “take all nonviolent steps necessary to prevent the construction of a nuclear power station at Torness”.^[2]

The SSEB submitted designs for four types of reactor then being considered by HM Government for the next stage of the UK civil nuclear programme: the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), the Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR), the Light Water Reactor (LWR) and the High Temperature Reactor (HTR). In February 1975, the Secretary of State for Scotland granted the SSEB statutory consent for the location of future nuclear power stations and, after review of the four alternative reactor types, consent was given on 24 May 1978 for construction of the AGR station.

The construction, which was undertaken by a consortium known as National Nuclear Corporation ('NNC'),^[3] began in 1980. The reactors were supplied by NNC and the turbines by GEC.^[4]

Torness was the last of the United Kingdom’s second generation nuclear power plants to be commissioned (25 May 1988). The station consists of two advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) capable of producing a peak rating of 1364 MWe. Upon deregulation of the United Kingdom’s electricity generation market it passed to the state-owned Scottish Nuclear, privatised as part of British Energy which was sold to the French company EDF in January 2009, and incorporated in the latter's UK subsidiary EDF Energy. It is expected to operate until 2030.^[5]

Plant design

Torness shares its design with Heysham 2 nuclear power station. The station was designed by NNC, a company created from the gradual amalgamation of five consortia that were formed in the 1950s and 1960s to build the UK's commercial nuclear power stations. NNC is now AMEC Nuclear UK Ltd.

The graphite-moderated, gas-cooled design was proven at the WAGR – the Windscale experimental AGR facility and is a significant evolution of the Magnox reactor designs. The entire UK commercial reactor programme shares a common heritage with, and was built on operating experience gained from the early PIPPA reactors at Calder Hall and Chapelcross and prior to that, the Windscale piles.

When first operated Torness probably had the most sophisticated and complex computerised control system for a nuclear power station worldwide, and a far more sophisticated than earlier members of the advanced gas-cooled reactor fleet. Over 70 Ferranti Argus 700 computers were used in the control and instrumentation systems, which included Digital Direct Control (DDC) of the reactors.^[6][7]

Operating experience and incidents

Details of incidents are published on the web site of the Health and Safety Executive in its quarterly statements of nuclear incidents at nuclear installations (see http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/quarterly-stat/) and quarterly inspection reports for each nuclear licensed site. These include:

Shutdown after sea-water intake blockage by jellyfish – June 2011

On 28 June 2011^[8] both reactors were manually shut down due to reduced flow of sea water at intakes by a large mass of jellyfish. The shutdown was a conservative decision.^[9]

Shutdown after drumscreen blockage by seaweed – August 2006

Complete blockage by seaweed of the main cooling water intake drum-screens is an initiating event considered in the Station Safety Report (SSR). The event resulted in supplies of main cooling water being lost for a period. As a consequence, water supplies to the reactor seawater (RSW) system, which provides a safety role, were lost for a time on one reactor and restricted on the other. The station responded to the event by shutting down both reactors within 70 minutes of receiving the first indication of impaired main cooling water flow and provided adequate post trip cooling.^[10]

Unplanned power excursion – December 2005

An unplanned power increase on Reactor 2 at Torness during the night shift of 30 December 2005. Operators responded to the event by taking corrective action to restore normal core reactivity levels. Station and Company investigations identified that improvement to the training of operators covering reactivity fundamentals is appropriate.^[11]

Failure of a gas circulator – May 2002

This was thought, from forensic evidence, to be linked to the development of an unexpected fatigue-related crack in part of the impeller. In August, another gas circulator on the other Torness reactor showed signs of increasing vibration and was promptly shut down by the operators. Its subsequent disassembly revealed a fully developed fatigue related crack in a similar position to the first failure, but the prompt shutdown had prevented consequential damage.^[12]

Crash of an RAF Tornado near the site - November 1999

In November 1999 an RAF Panavia Tornado crashed into the North Sea less than 1 km from the power station following an engine failure. The UK Ministry of Defence commended the two crew members for demonstrating "exceptional levels of airmanship and awareness in the most adverse of conditions", because they ensured that the Tornado was clear of the power station before abandoning the aircraft.^[13]

See also

• Nuclear power in Scotland
• Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
• Energy policy of the United Kingdom
• Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
• James L. Gray (SSEB Chief Engineer)
• List of places in East Lothian

References

External links

• Heysham 2/Torness, Nuclear Engineering International wall chart, 1981
• Account of visiting Torness by Charlie Stross
• Inside EDF's gas reactor nuclear power station at Torness (Daily Mail article 31 January 2015)

Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
Energy in the United Kingdom Nuclear power
Companies	Current EDF Energy Magnox Ltd Rolls-Royce Sellafield Ltd Sheffield Forgemasters Urenco New build operators Horizon Nuclear Power NNB Generation Company NuGeneration Defunct British Energy British Nuclear Fuels British Nuclear Group Magnox Electric Nuclear Electric Scottish Nuclear
Organisations	Civil Nuclear Constabulary National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Industry Association Nuclear Institute Nuclear Liabilities Fund Office for Nuclear Regulation United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
Reactors	AGR Dungeness B Hartlepool Heysham 1 Heysham 2 Hinkley Point B Hunterston B Torness FBR (closed) Dounreay Magnox (closed) Berkeley Bradwell Calder Hall Chapelcross Dungeness A Hinkley Point A Hunterston A Oldbury Sizewell A Trawsfynydd Wylfa PWR Active Sizewell B Planned Hinkley Point C Moorside
Non-reactor sites	Capenhurst uranium enrichment Sellafield Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant Windscale fire Springfields (fuel manufacture) Winfrith (research and development)
Anti-nuclear	Cumbrians Opposed to a Radioactive Environment Energy Fair Stop Hinkley
Other	Franco-British Nuclear Forum Nuclear or Not? Nuclear Power and the Environment Nuclear power in Scotland Sustainable Development Commission Tier 1 – UK Nuclear Site Management & Licensing
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