Timeline of sovereign states in Europe

This timeline lists all European sovereign states, both current and defunct, of the 2nd and 3rd millennium. Vassal states, unrecognised states or states with limited recognition throughout history are generally not included unless they evolved at some point into a sovereign state. Territorial changes that do not consume whole nations or produce new ones are not considered.

Current Sovereign States / Decades before 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Decades / Current Sovereign States

United Kingdom
927
Kingdom of England
1016
Kingdom of England (Kingdom of Denmark)
1042
Kingdom of England
1649
Commonwealth of England
1653
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1659
Commonwealth of England
1660
Kingdom of England
1707
Kingdom of Great Britain
1801
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1922
United Kingdom

United Kingdom
843
Kingdom of Scotland
1659
Kingdom of Scotland

Ireland
Gaelic Ireland 1171
Lordship of Ireland
1541
Kingdom of Ireland
1659
Kingdom of Ireland
1922
Ireland

Ireland

Portugal
910
Kingdom of León
1139
Kingdom of Portugal
1580
United to Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1640
Kingdom of Portugal
1910
Portuguese Republic

Portugal

Spain
910
Kingdom of León
1230
Crown of Castile
1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)
1492
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)
1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1620
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1716
Kingdom of Spain

Spain
County of Castile 1035
Kingdom of Castile
756
Caliphate of Córdoba
1031
Taifas
1040
Almoravid Dynasty
1121
Almohad Dynasty
1228
Emirate of Granada
824
Kingdom of Navarre
1035
Kingdom of Navarre
1035
Kingdom of Aragon
1137
Crown of Aragon
1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile andAragon)
1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
801
County of Barcelona
1516
Kingdom of Spain (Habsburg)
1643-1653
Catalonia, united to the Kingdom of France

Andorra
795
Les Valls (Diocese of Urgell)
1278
Les Valls
1396
Les Valls (Crown of Aragon)
1398
Lordship of Les Valls
1516
Lordship of Les Valls (Kingdom of Spain)
1607
Principality of Andorra
1812
French Empire
1814
Principality of Andorra
1933
French Republic
1940
Principality of Andorra

Andorra

Malta
870
Aghlabids
1091
County of Sicily
1130
Kingdom of Sicily
1194
County of Malta (Swabians)
1266
Kingdom of Sicily
1283
Crown of Aragon
1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile and Aragon)
1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1530
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
1798
French Republic
1800
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1922
United Kingdom
1964
Republic of Malta

Malta

San Marino
301
Most Serene Republic of San Marino

San Marino

Vatican City
752
Papal States
1870
States of the Church
1929
Vatican City

Vatican City

Italy
705
Saracens, Giudicati
1185
Giudicati(Holy Roman Empire, Crown of Aragon)
1323
Crown of Aragon
1479
Catholic Monarchy(Castile and Aragon)
1504
Crown of Aragon
1516
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1714
Kingdom of Spain(Habsburg)
1716
Kingdom of Spain
1720
Kingdom of Sardinia
1861
Kingdom of Italy
1946
Italian Republic

Italy
965
Emirate of Sicily(Fatimid Caliphate)
1071
County of Sicily
1130
Kingdom of Sicily
1137
Kingdom of Sicily
1155
Kingdom of Sicily
1282
Kingdom of Sicily
1720
Kingdom of Sicily(Holy Roman Empire)
1735
Kingdom of Sicily(Spain)
1816
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
851
Principality of Salerno
1042
Duchy of Apulia and Calabria
1282
Kingdom of Naples
1714
Kingdom of Naples(Holy Roman Empire)
1735
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)
1799
Neapolitan Republic(French Republic)
1799
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)
1806
Kingdom of Naples(French Empire)
1815
Kingdom of Naples(Spain)
571
Duchy of Benevento
839
Principality of Capua
1027
Duchy of Naples
1027
Principality of Capua
1000
Republic of Venice
1797
Cisalpine Republic(French Republic)
1802
Italian Republic(French Republic)
1805
Kingdom of Italy(French Empire)
1815
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia(Austrian Empire)
752
Papal States
1796
Cispadane Republic(French Republic)
1814
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1859
United Provinces of Central Italy(Sardinia)
962
Holy Roman Empire
1032
Holy Roman Empire
1378
Holy Roman Empire
1796
Transpadane Republic(French Republic)
1815
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1796
Holy Roman Empire
1804
French Empire
1810
French Empire
1814
Duchy of Parma

France
933
Kingdom of Burgundy
1378
Kingdom of France
1492
Kingdom of France
1791
Kingdom of the French
1792
French Republic
1794
French Republic
1814
Kingdom of France
1830
Kingdom of the French
1848
French Republic
1852
French Empire
1870
French Republic
1940
French State(Nazi Germany)
1944
French Republic
1946
French Republic
1958
French Republic

France
843
Kingdom of France

Belgium
962
Holy Roman Empire
1291
Holy Roman Empire
1579
Spanish Netherlands (Habsburg)
1713
Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)
1790
United States of Belgium
1790
Austrian Netherlands (Austria)
1815
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1830
Kingdom of Belgium
1940
Kingdom of Belgium (Nazi Germany)
1944
Kingdom of Belgium

Belgium

Luxembourg
1790
Austrian Netherlands (Habsburg)
1830
Netherlands
1839
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1940
Luxembourg (Nazi Germany)
1942
Nazi Germany
1944
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Netherlands
1579
Holy Roman Empire
1581
Dutch Republic
1795
Batavian Republic
1806
Kingdom of Holland
1839
Netherlands
1940
Netherlands (Nazi Germany)
1945
Netherlands

Netherlands

Switzerland
1291
Swiss Confederacy
1798
Helvetic Republic
1802
Swiss Confederation
1815
Swiss Confederation
1848
Switzerland

Switzerland

Liechtenstein
1291
Holy Roman Empire
1701
Kingdom of Prussia(Holy Roman Empire)
1772
Kingdom of Prussia(Holy Roman Empire)
1806
Liechtenstein
1815
German Confederation
1866
Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein

Germany
1806
Confederation of the Rhine(French Empire)
1866
North German Confederation
1871
German Empire
1919
Weimar Republic
1933
Nazi Germany
1938
Nazi Germany
1945
German Realm
1949
West Germany
1990
Germany

Germany
1949
East Germany

Poland
960
Civitas Schinesghe
1025
Kingdom of Poland
1385
Kingdom of Poland
1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1807
Duchy of Warsaw (French Empire)
1918
Republic of Poland
1944
People's Republic of Poland
1990
Republic of Poland

Poland

Austria
962
Holy Roman Empire
1278
Habsburg Austria
1526
Habsburg Austria
1804
Austrian Empire
1867
Austria–Hungary
1878
Austria–Hungary
1918
German Austria
1919
Federal State of Austria
1945
Allied-occupied Austria
1955
Republic of Austria

Austria

Czech Republic
1278
Holy Roman Empire
1918
Czechoslovak Republic
1945
Czechoslovak Republic
1960
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1990
Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
1992
Czech Republic

Czech Republic

Slovakia
1939
Slovak State
1992
Slovakia

Slovakia

Hungary
896
Principality of Hungary
1000
Kingdom of Hungary
1918
Republic of Hungary
1919
Kingdom of Hungary
1946
Republic of Hungary

Hungary

Slovenia
962
Holy Roman Empire
1804
Austrian Empire
1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1943
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1991
Republic of Slovenia

Slovenia

Croatia
925
Kingdom of Croatia
1102
Kingdom of Croatia(Hungary)
1527
Kingdom of Croatia(Habsburg)
1991
Republic of Croatia

Croatia

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Banate of Bosnia(Bulgaria) 1019
Banate of Bosnia(Byzantine Empire)
1082
Kingdom of Duklja
1102
Banate of Bosnia(Hungary)
1166
Banate of Bosnia(Byzantine Empire)
1377
Kingdom of Bosnia
1463
Ottoman Empire
1540
Ottoman Empire
1817
Ottoman Empire
1991
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1992
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1997
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbia
Serb State 1018
Byzantine Empire
1077
Kingdom of Duklja
1102
Kingdom of Duklja
1219
Serbian Kingdom of Raška
1341
Serbian Kingdom of Raška
1346
Serbian Empire
1371
Moravian Serbia
1402
Serbian Despotate
1817
Principality of Serbia
1882
Kingdom of Serbia
1992
Serbia and Montenegro
2006
Republic of Serbia

Serbia

Montenegro
1341
Principality of Zeta
1496
Ottoman Empire
1817
Ottoman Empire
1821
Ottoman Empire
1852
Principality of Montenegro
1910
Kingdom of Montenegro
2006
Montenegro

Montenegro

Macedonia
680
First Bulgarian Empire
1077
Byzantine Empire
1185
Byzantine Empire
1257
Second Bulgarian Empire
1277
Byzantine Empire
1282
Serbian Kingdom of Raška
1346
Serbian Empire
1392
Ottoman Empire
1396
Ottoman Empire
1479
Ottoman Empire
1852
Ottoman Empire
1878
Ottoman Empire
1912
Kingdom of Serbia
1991
Republic of Macedonia

Macedonia

Bulgaria
1185
Second Bulgarian Empire
1277
Second Bulgarian Empire
1878
Principality of Bulgaria
1908
Kingdom of Bulgaria
1946
People's Republic of Bulgaria
1990
Republic of Bulgaria

Bulgaria

Albania
1185
Byzantine Empire
1190
Principality of Arbër
1255
Despotate of Epirus
1261
Byzantine Empire
1272
Kingdom of Albania(Sicily)
1368
Princedom of Albania
1444
League of Lezhë
1878
Ottoman Empire
1912
Provisional Government of Albania
1914
Principality of Albania
1925
Albanian Republic
1928
Albanian Kingdom
1939
Albanian Kingdom(Italy)
1943
Albanian Kingdom(Germany)
1946
Socialist People's Republic of Albania
1991
Republic of Albania

Albania
1190
Byzantine Empire
1204
Despotate of Epirus
1272
Byzantine Empire
1453
Byzantine Empire
1914
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus

Greece
330
Byzantine Empire
1204
Latin Empire
1453
Ottoman Empire
1821
Eastern Continental Greece
1822
Hellenic Republic
1832
Kingdom of Greece
1924
Hellenic Republic
1935
Kingdom of Greece
1941
Hellenic State(Germany andItaly)
1944
Kingdom of Greece
1974
Hellenic Republic

Greece

Turkey
1077
Sultanate of Rûm
1299
Ottoman Empire
1821
Ottoman Empire
1923
Republic of Turkey

Turkey

Romania
Dacia 168 BC
Dacia
1241
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)
1317
Principality of Wallachia
1417
Principality of Wallachia(Ottoman Empire))
1859
United Principalities
1881
Kingdom of Romania
1918
Kingdom of Romania
1940
Kingdom of Romania
1941
Kingdom of Romania
1944
Kingdom of Romania
1947
Socialist Republic of Romania
1989
Romania

Romania
1317
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)
1346
Principality of Moldavia
1538
Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)
1812
Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire)

Moldova
1812
Russian Empire
1914
Russian Empire
1917
Moldavian Democratic Republic
1940
Soviet Union
1944
Soviet Union
1991
Moldova

Moldova

Ukraine
880
Kievan Rus'
1001
Kievan Rus'
1162
Kievan Rus'
1175
Principality of Pereyaslavl
1346
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)
1441
Crimean Khanate
1478
Crimean Khanate (Ottoman Empire)
1772
Russian Empire
1795
Russian Empire
1917
Ukrainian People's Republic
1920
Soviet Ukraine
1922
Soviet Union
1939
Soviet Union
1941
Nazi Germany
1990
Ukraine

Ukraine
1175
Kievan Rus'
1199
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1349
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1404
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1569
Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania
1917
West Ukrainian People's Republic
1920
Republic of Poland

Belarus
1162
Principality of Turov and Pinsk
1223
Principality of Turov and Pinsk(Galicia–Volhynia)
1263
Kingdom of Belarus
1917
Belarusian People’s Republic
1990
Republic of Belarus

Belarus
1920
Soviet Byelorussia
1922
Soviet Union
1001
Principality of Polotsk

Russia
1001
Kievan Rus'
1010
Principality of Smolensk
1917
Russian Republic
1917
Soviet Russia
1941
Soviet Union
1991
Russian Federation

Russia
1010
Kievan Rus'
1024
Principality of Chernigov
1097
Principality of Chernigov
1401
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1097
Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
1097
Principality of Murom-Ryazan
1237
Mongol Empire
1238
Mongol Empire
1240
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)
1283
Golden Horde(Mongol Empire)
1520
Grand Duchy of Moscow
1547
Tsardom of Russia
1721
Russian Empire
1024
Kievan Rus'
1093
Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal
1283
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)
1478
Grand Duchy of Moscow (Mongol Empire)
1480
Grand Duchy of Moscow
1093
Kievan Rus'
1136
Novgorod Republic

Lithuania
Baltic People 1009
Lithuanians
1251
Kingdom of Lithuania
1263
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1569
Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania
1914
Ober Ost(German Empire)
1918
Republic of Lithuania
1941
Nazi Germany
1990
Republic of Lithuania

Lithuania

Latvia
Baltic People 1180
Principality of Koknese
1207
Livonia
1219
Livonia
1224
Teutonic Order
1346
Teutonic Order
1525
Livonia
1559
Livonia
1561
Livonia
1562
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia(Lithuania)
1569
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia(Poland and Lithuania)
1791
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1918
Republic of Latvia
1990
Republic of Latvia

Latvia
1561
Duchy of Livonia(Lithuania)
1569
Duchy of Livonia(Poland and Lithuania)
1629
Swedish Livonia(Swedish Empire)
1721
Russian Empire
1741
Russian Empire

Estonia
Ancient Estonians 1561
Duchy of Estonia(Swedish Empire)
1645
Duchy of Estonia(Swedish Empire)
1918
Republic of Estonia
1990
Republic of Estonia

Estonia
1219
Duchy of Estonia(Kingdom of Denmark)
1559
Duchy of Estonia(Kingdom of Denmark)

Finland
1249
Kingdom of Sweden
1397
Kalmar Union
1523
Kingdom of Sweden
1611
Kingdom of Sweden
1718
Kingdom of Sweden
1914
Russian Empire
1917
Republic of Finland

Finland

Sweden
1000
Kingdom of Sweden
1741
Kingdom of Sweden
1814
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1905
Kingdom of Sweden

Sweden

Norway
872
Kingdom of Norway
1030
Kingdom of Denmark
1035
Kingdom of Norway
1262
Kingdom of Norway
1523
Kalmar Union
1536
Denmark–Norway
1905
Kingdom of Norway
1940
Kingdom of Norway (Nazi Germany)
1945
Kingdom of Norway

Norway

Iceland
930
Icelandic Commonwealth
1814
Kingdom of Denmark
1918
Kingdom of Iceland (Kingdom of Denmark)
1941
Iceland (Great Britain)
1944
Iceland

Iceland

Denmark
980
Kingdom of Denmark
1918
Kingdom of Denmark
1941
Kingdom of Denmark (Nazi Germany)
1945
Kingdom of Denmark

Denmark
Current Sovereign States / Decades before
1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Decades / Current Sovereign States
Empires are highlighted by color:
Habsburg Spain, Spanish Empire, Spain
Kingdom of France, French Empire, France
Dutch Republic, Dutch Empire, Batavian Republic, Kingdom of Holland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands
Holy Roman Empire, German Confederation, North German Confederation, German Empire, Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, Germany
Habsburg Austria, Austrian Empire, Austria–Hungary, Austria
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire, Turkey
Mongol Empire
First Bulgarian Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria
Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russia
Kingdom of Lithuania, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania
Kingdom of Sweden, Swedish Empire, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, Sweden
Kingdom of Denmark, Kalmar Union, Denmark-Norway, Denmark
Norwegian Empire, Norway
Kingdom of England, Commonwealth of England, The Protectorate, Kingdom of Great Britain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom

See also

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