Tetracynodon

Tetracynodon
Temporal range: Late Permian - Early Triassic
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Order: Therapsida
Suborder: Therocephalia
Family: Lycideopidae
Genus: Tetracynodon
Broom and Robinson, 1948
Species
  • T. tenuis Broom and Robinson, 1948
  • T. darti Sigogneau, 1963

Tetracynodon is an extinct genus of therocephalian. Fossils of Tetracynodon have been found in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Two species are known: the type species T. tenuis from the Late Permian and the species T. darti from the Early Triassic. Both species were small-bodied and probably fed on insects and small vertebrates. Although Tetracynodon is more closely related to mammals than it is to reptiles, its braincase is very primitive and shares more in common with modern amphibians and reptiles than it does with mammals.[1]

Permo-Triassic survivorship

Tetracynodon was one of the few therapsid genera known to have survived the Permo-Triassic extinction event. Aside from Tetracynodon, the only therocephalian genera known from both sides of the Permo-Triassic boundary are Moschorhinus and Promoschorhynchus. The Triassic species Tetracynodon darti would have been part of the extinction's survivor fauna, a low-diversity community of therapsids and other land vertebrates. The Triassic species Tetracynodon darti is relatively small compared to Permian baurioids. This may be a possible example of the Lilliput effect in which small species are more common immediately after a mass extinction.[1]

Phylogeny

Tetracynodon was once classified among a group of therocephalians called scaloposaurids, all characterized by their very small size. Scaloposauridae is no longer recognized as a valid group because many scaloposaurid features are now thought to be characteristics of juvenile individuals rather than evidence of close evolutionary relationships.[1]

In 2008, Tetracynodon tenuis was proposed to be a juvenile of the larger therocephalian Lycideops, which is known from the same Late Permian strata. Since T. tenuis is the type species of Tetracynodon and the type species of Lycideops, L. longiceps, was named earlier than T. tenuis, the species would be a synonym of Lycideops longiceps and the genus Tetracynodon would be invalid. Moreover, since the study found that Lycideops was not directly related to the Early Triassic Tetracynodon darti, it suggested that this lineage of therocephalians did not survive uninterrupted past the Permo-Triassic extinction event.[2]

Tetracynodon was included in a phylogenetic analysis of therocephalians in 2012 and was placed in clade Baurioidea along with many other prior scaloposaurids. It was found to nest in a smaller clade with Lycideops and Choerosaurus, designated as the family Lycideopidae. Tetracynodon tenuis and T. darti were found to be sister taxa, meaning that they were a valid phylogenetic grouping and T. tenuis could not be a juvenile of Lycideops. Below is a cladogram from the study:[1]

Therapsida

Biarmosuchus tener



Titanophoneus potens




Gorgonopsia




Anomodontia


Eutheriodontia
Cynodontia

Charassognathus gracilis




Dvinia prima



Procynosuchus delaharpeae




Therocephalia

Lycosuchus vanderrieti




Glanosuchus macrops



Ictidosaurus angusticeps



Pristerognathus polyodon



Eutherocephalia


Euchambersia mirabilis




Promoschorhynchus platyrhinus



Olivierosuchus parringtoni





Cerdops burgheri



Moschorhinus kitchingi






Ictidostoma hemburyi



Hofmeyria atavus



Mirotenthes digitipes




Viatkosuchus sumini




Moschowhaitsia vjuschkovi



Theriognathus microps




Baurioidea

Ictidosuchus primaevus



Ictidosuchops rubidgei



Ictidosuchoides longiceps



Regisaurus jacobi



Scaloposaurus constrictus



Ericiolacerta parva



Bauriidae


Lycideopidae

Lycideops longiceps




Choerosaurus dejageri




Tetracynodon tenuis



Tetracynodon darti













References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Sigurdsen, T.; Huttenlocker, A. K.; Modesto, S. P.; Rowe, T. B.; Damiani, R. (2012). "Reassessment of the morphology and paleobiology of the therocephalian Tetracynodon darti (Therapsida), and the phylogenetic relationships of Baurioidea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1113. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.688693.
  2. Kammerer, C. (2008). "A new therocephalian from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and new information on therocephalian systematics". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3, suppl.): 98A–99A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459.
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