Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad

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Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad (Arabic: شمس الدین محمد) almost (655-710/1257-1310,^[1] Azerbaijan) was the son of Rukn al-Din Khurshah. He was the 28th Nizari Ismaili imam.

Early life

Imam Shamsuddin Muhammad was sent to Azerbaijan before the attack of the Mongols, where he lived and became the next imam of Nizari Ismailis.

Nizari Imams
Ali Husayn ibn Ali Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad al-Baqir Ja'far al-Sadiq Isma'il ibn Jafar Muhammad ibn Isma'il Ahmad al-Wafi Muhammad at-Taqi Radi Abdullah Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah al-Mansur Billah Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah Al-Aziz Billah Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Ali az-Zahir al-Mustansir Billah Nizar al-Hādī al-Mutadī al-Qāhir Hassan II Nur al-Din Muhammad II Jalaluddin Hasan ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn Muḥammad III Rukn al-Din Khurshah Shamsu-d-Dīn Muḥammad Qāsim Shāh Islām Shāh Muḥammad ibn Islām Shāh al-Mustanṣir billāh II ʿAbdu s-Salām Shāh Gharīb Mīrzā Abū Dharr ʻAlī Murād Mīrzā Dhū-l-Fiqār ʻAlī Nūru d-Dīn ʻAlī Khalīlullāh II ʻAlī Nizār II as-Sayyid ʻAlī Ḥasan ʻAlī Qāsim ʻAlī Abū-l-Hasan ʻAlī Shāh Khalīlullāh III Aga Khan I Aga Khan II Aga Khan III Aga Khan IV

He secretly lived there from the people of Azerbaijan and started working in a shop of embroidery.^[2] The Imam was so handsome that he was called Shams (Sun). He was a pious and kind person and lived a simple life. Only few people, who were closely related to the imam, could know about him. These were only his struggles that he spread the light spiritual education in Iran and Tabriz.^{[note 1]}

The Alamut era

Juvaini writes in his "Tarikh-i Jhangusha" ^{[note 2]} that, "Ruknu-d-Dīn now saw what he had to expect and realize that he could not resist. The next day, on November 16, 1256, he sent out his son, his only one, and another brother called Iran-Shah with a delegation of notables, officials and leaders of his people" (p. 717). This was the first narrative of Juvaini when Alamut was being reduced, but while describing the brutal massacre of the Ismailis after about a year, he writes, "And Qaraqai Bitikohi went to Qazwin with the order that Rukn-ad-Din's sons and daughters, brothers and sisters and all of his seed and family should be laid on the fire of annihilation" (p. 723).

Contemporary era

In 13th century, when Mongols started their journey from Mongolia and steadily possessed several parts of the world. For example, a part went towards China and the second towards Europe and the third one destructed all the Kingdoms and went towards Iran and Bughdad. In 1257, Hulagu Khan easily destroyed the Ismaili Castles, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of Alamut without a fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people, and after an interval of a year, Hulegu attacked on the Abbasid Caliphate and destroyed the city and gradually went towards Aleppo in modern Syria. But when the Mongol forces tried to march towards Cairo, his forces faced a thorough defeat from the Malmuks who ruled Egypt at that time. Hulegu, himself, went to Tabriz and died in Maragheh on 1265. Muhammad Shah (d. 1404) the grandson of the Imam was recognised as the rightful Imam by a group of Nizari Ismailis. They became known as the Muhammad-Shahi Nizari Ismailis. They followed this bloodline till their 40th Imam Amir Muhammad Baqir whom they lost contact in 1796.

Notes

References

Succession - Imām Nizārī Ismā'īlīs