Eastern fence lizard

Eastern fence lizard
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Phrynosomatidae
Genus: Sceloporus
Species: S. undulatus
Binomial name
Sceloporus undulatus
(Bosc & Daudin, 1801)[2]
The ranges of different S. undulatus subspecies are indicated by color.
Synonyms
Male with blue sides
Camouflaged by tree

The eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) is a medium-sized species of lizard found along forest edges, rock piles, and rotting logs or stumps in the eastern United States. It is sometimes referred to as the prairie lizard, fence swift, gray lizard, northern fence lizard or pine lizard.[3] It is also referred to colloquially as the horn-billed lizard.

Taxonomy

The generic name, Sceloporus, is derived from the Greek skelos/σκελος, meaning "leg", and the Latin porus, meaning "hole", referring to the enlarged femoral pores found in this genus of lizards. The specific name, undulatus, is Latin for "wave", referring to the transverse dark crossbars on the backs of these lizards.[4]

Until 2002, 10 subspecies of S. undulatus were recognized:,[5] but re-evaluation showed paraphyly between the subspecies. These were reclassified as four distinct evolutionary species (the three new species being S. consobrinus, S. tristichus, and S. cowlesi). The narrowed redefinition of S. undulatus has been suggested to still contain two subspecies divided by the Appalachian Mountains. None is currently formally recognized.[6]

The following cladogram is based on Leache and Reeder, 2002:[6]

Sceloporus undulatus species group


S. cowlesi

S. cautus


S. tristichus

S. consobrinus

S. woodi

S. undulatus

S. virgatus

S. occidentalis



Distribution

The eastern fence lizard is found in Florida Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Southern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia, Mississippi, Delaware, northern Florida, southern Wyoming, and southern New Jersey.[6] There are isolated populations outside this range in southeastern New York.[7]

Description

The eastern fence lizard can grow from 4.0 to 7.5 inches long.[7] It is typically colored in shades of gray or brown, and has keeled scales, with a dark line running along the rear of the thigh. A female is usually gray and has a series of dark, wavy lines across her back. The belly is white with black flecks, with some pale blue on the throat and belly. The male is usually brown, and during the summer, has a more greenish-blue and black coloration on the sides of the belly and throat than the female has. The young look like the females, but are darker and duller.

They closely resemble the western fence lizard, but differ slightly in coloration and live in a different area and habitat.

Eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) with turquoise markings

Response to fire ant predation

In 70 years, according to a study published in 2009, eastern fence lizards in parts of the United States have adapted to have longer legs and new behaviors to escape the red imported fire ant, which can kill the lizard in under a minute.[8] Red fire ants serve a problem towards the Eastern Fence Lizards as they occupy their microhabitats and cause them to die or relocate at a different place. Moreover, according to a study published in 2016, artificial Eastern Fence Lizards nests have shown that predation caused by the fire ants were much more vulnerable (61%).

Mating

Eastern fence lizard egg

Eastern fence lizards mate in spring, and lay 3 to 16 eggs in late spring or early summer. The young hatch in summer and fall. Male fence lizards often do "push-ups" to attract mates and to warn other males encroaching on their territory.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Hammerson, G.A.; Lavin, P.; Vazquez Díaz, J.; Quintero Díaz, G. & Gadsden, H. (2007). "Sceloporus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ↑ Bosc and Daudin (1802) In Sonnini and Latreille.Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 40
  3. ↑ Lizards. Conservation Commission of Missouri (2014)
  4. ↑ Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
  5. ↑ S. u. consobrinus, S. u. cowlesi, S. u. elongatus, S. u. erythrocheilus, S. u. garmani, S. u. hyacinthinus, S. u. speari, S. u. tedbrowni, S. u. tristichus, and S. u. undulatus.
  6. 1 2 3 Leache, A.D., Reeder, T.W. (2002). "Molecular systematics of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus): A comparison of parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches". Syst. Biol. 51 (1): 44–68. doi:10.1080/106351502753475871.
  7. 1 2 Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-58389-6.
  8. ↑ "Lizards' Dance Avoids Deadly Ants". LiveScience. 26 January 2009.
  9. ↑ Haenel, Gregory J.; Smith, Linda C.; John-Alder, Henry B. (2003-01-01). "Home-Range Analysis in Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard). I. Spacing Patterns and the Context of Territorial Behavior". Copeia. 2003 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0099:hraisu]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 1448602.

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  1. ↑ Thawley, Christopher (June 2016). "Invasive Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) Predation of Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) Eggs". Bioone. Journal of Herpetology. Retrieved September 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
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