SMN2
| View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
Survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric, also known as SMN2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SMN2 gene.[3][4]
Gene
The SMN2 gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. The telomeric (SMN1) and centromeric (SMN2) copies of this gene are nearly identical and encode the same protein. The critical sequence difference between the two genes is a single nucleotide in exon 7, which is thought to be an exon splice enhancer.
Note that the nine exons of both the telomeric and centromeric copies are designated historically as exon 1, 2a, 2b, and 3-8. It is thought that gene conversion events may involve the two genes, leading to varying copy numbers of each gene.[4]
Clinical significance
While mutations in the telomeric copy are associated with spinal muscular atrophy, mutations in this gene, the centromeric copy, do not lead to disease. This gene may be a modifier of disease caused by mutation in the telomeric copy.
Function
The full-length SMN protein encoded by this gene, accounting for approximately 10-20% of its total transcripts, localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the protein localizes to subnuclear bodies called gems which are found near coiled bodies containing high concentrations of small ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). This protein forms heteromeric complexes with proteins such as SIP1 and GEMIN4, and also interacts with several proteins known to be involved in the biogenesis of snRNPs, such as hnRNP U protein and the small nucleolar RNA binding protein. Four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.[4]
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ Lefebvre S, Bürglen L, Reboullet S, Clermont O, Burlet P, Viollet L, Benichou B, Cruaud C, Millasseau P, Zeviani M (January 1995). "Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene". Cell. 80 (1): 155–65. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90460-3. PMID 7813012.
- 1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: survival of motor neuron 2, centromeric".
Further reading
- Watihayati MS, Fatemeh H, Marini M, Atif AB, Zahiruddin WM, Sasongko TH, Tang TH, Zabidi-Hussin ZA, Nishio H, Zilfalil BA (January 2009). "Combination of SMN2 copy number and NAIP deletion predicts disease severity in spinal muscular atrophy". Brain & Development. 31 (1): 42–5. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.08.012. PMID 18842367.
- Prior TW, Krainer AR, Hua Y, Swoboda KJ, Snyder PC, Bridgeman SJ, Burghes AH, Kissel JT (September 2009). "A positive modifier of spinal muscular atrophy in the SMN2 gene". American Journal of Human Genetics. 85 (3): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.08.002. PMC 2771537
. PMID 19716110. - Coady TH, Baughan TD, Shababi M, Passini MA, Lorson CL (2008). Valcarcel J, ed. "Development of a single vector system that enhances trans-splicing of SMN2 transcripts". PloS One. 3 (10): e3468. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003468. PMC 2565107. PMID 18941511.
- Elsheikh B, Prior T, Zhang X, Miller R, Kolb SJ, Moore D, Bradley W, Barohn R, Bryan W, Gelinas D, Iannaccone S, Leshner R, Mendell JR, Mendoza M, Russman B, Smith S, King W, Kissel JT (October 2009). "An analysis of disease severity based on SMN2 copy number in adults with spinal muscular atrophy". Muscle & Nerve. 40 (4): 652–6. doi:10.1002/mus.21350. PMID 19760790.
- Workman E, Saieva L, Carrel TL, Crawford TO, Liu D, Lutz C, Beattie CE, Pellizzoni L, Burghes AH (June 2009). "A SMN missense mutation complements SMN2 restoring snRNPs and rescuing SMA mice". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (12): 2215–29. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp157. PMC 2685758. PMID 19329542.
- Bose JK, Wang IF, Hung L, Tarn WY, Shen CK (October 2008). "TDP-43 overexpression enhances exon 7 inclusion during the survival of motor neuron pre-mRNA splicing". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (43): 28852–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M805376200. PMC 2661999. PMID 18703504.
- Hauke J, Riessland M, Lunke S, Eyüpoglu IY, Blümcke I, El-Osta A, Wirth B, Hahnen E (January 2009). "Survival motor neuron gene 2 silencing by DNA methylation correlates with spinal muscular atrophy disease severity and can be bypassed by histone deacetylase inhibition". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (2): 304–17. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn357. PMC 2638778. PMID 18971205.
- Corcia P, Camu W, Praline J, Gordon PH, Vourch P, Andres C (2009). "The importance of the SMN genes in the genetics of sporadic ALS". Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 10 (5-6): 436–40. doi:10.3109/17482960902759162. PMID 19922137.
- Tiziano FD, Pinto AM, Fiori S, Lomastro R, Messina S, Bruno C, Pini A, Pane M, D'Amico A, Ghezzo A, Bertini E, Mercuri E, Neri G, Brahe C (January 2010). "SMN transcript levels in leukocytes of SMA patients determined by absolute real-time PCR". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.116. PMC 2987170. PMID 19603064.
- Jedrzejowska M, Milewski M, Zimowski J, Borkowska J, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Sielska D, Jurek M, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I (2009). "Phenotype modifiers of spinal muscular atrophy: the number of SMN2 gene copies, deletion in the NAIP gene and probably gender influence the course of the disease". Acta Biochimica Polonica. 56 (1): 103–8. PMID 19287802.
- Arkblad E, Tulinius M, Kroksmark AK, Henricsson M, Darin N (May 2009). "A population-based study of genotypic and phenotypic variability in children with spinal muscular atrophy". Acta Paediatrica. 98 (5): 865–72. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01201.x. PMID 19154529.
- Paushkin S, Gubitz AK, Massenet S, Dreyfuss G (June 2002). "The SMN complex, an assemblyosome of ribonucleoproteins". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 14 (3): 305–12. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00332-0. PMID 12067652.
- Farooq F, Balabanian S, Liu X, Holcik M, MacKenzie A (November 2009). "p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase stabilizes SMN mRNA through RNA binding protein HuR". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (21): 4035–45. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp352. PMID 19648294.
- Hasanzad M, Golkar Z, Kariminejad R, Hadavi V, Almadani N, Afroozan F, Salahshurifar I, Shafeghati Y, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H (February 2009). "Deletions in the survival motor neuron gene in Iranian patients with spinal muscular atrophy". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 38 (2): 139–41. PMID 19271042.
- Martins de Araújo M, Bonnal S, Hastings ML, Krainer AR, Valcárcel J (April 2009). "Differential 3' splice site recognition of SMN1 and SMN2 transcripts by U2AF and U2 snRNP". RNA. 15 (4): 515–23. doi:10.1261/rna.1273209. PMC 2661831. PMID 19244360.
- Song F, Qu YJ, Zou LP, Wang LW, Long MJ, Wang X, Yang YL, Chen Q, Wang H, Jin YW (December 2008). "[Molecular analysis of survival motor neuron gene in 338 suspicious children patients with spinal muscular atrophy]". Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 46 (12): 919–23. PMID 19134255.
- Irimura S, Kitamura K, Kato N, Saiki K, Takeuchi A, Matsuo M, Nishio H, Lee MJ (2009). "HnRNP C1/C2 may regulate exon 7 splicing in the spinal muscular atrophy gene SMN1". The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 54 (5): E227–36. PMID 19628962.
- Yong J, Wan L, Dreyfuss G (May 2004). "Why do cells need an assembly machine for RNA-protein complexes?". Trends in Cell Biology. 14 (5): 226–32. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.03.010. PMID 15130578.
- Chen HH, Chang JG, Lu RM, Peng TY, Tarn WY (November 2008). "The RNA binding protein hnRNP Q modulates the utilization of exon 7 in the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (22): 6929–38. doi:10.1128/MCB.01332-08. PMC 2573304. PMID 18794368.
- Cogulu O, Durmaz B, Pehlivan S, Alpman A, Ozkinay F (June 2009). "Evaluation of the SMN and NAIP genes in a family: homozygous deletion of the SMN2 gene in the fetus and outcome of the pregnancy". Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers. 13 (3): 287–8. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2008.0139. PMID 19397406.
PDB gallery | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.