Popular Nasserist Organization
Popular Nasserist Organization التنظيم الشعبي الناصري | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Osama Saad |
| Founder | Maarouf Saad |
| Founded | 1973 |
| Headquarters | Sidon, Lebanon |
| Ideology |
Nasserism, Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism |
| Religion | Predominantly Sunni Islam with some Shi'a Islam and Christianity |
| National affiliation | March 8 Alliance |
| Party flag | |
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| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Lebanon |
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The Popular Nasserist Organization – PNO (Arabic: التنظيم الشعبي الناصري | Al-Tanzim al-Sha’aby al-Nassery) or Organisation Populaire Nassérienne (OPN) in French, is a Sidon-based Nasserist party originally formed in 1973 by Maarouf Saad, a Sunni Muslim Pan-Arab politician and member of Parliament (MP) later killed by the Lebanese Army during a February 1975 dock strike held in that port city.[1]
Structure and organization
The PNO’s military wing, the National Liberation Army – NLA (Arabic: Jayish al-Tahrir al-Watani) or Armée de Liberation Nationale (ALN) was first raised in March 1975 at Sidon by Mustafa Saad, son of the late Maarouf. Secretly trained and armed by Fatah, the NLA was initially financed by Yasser Arafat’s organization and Libya, later replaced in the mid-1980s by the Sidon-born Saudi-Lebanese millionaire Rafic Hariri, in order to protect his business interests in the Sidon area. A small but disciplinated fighting force, predominately Sunni Muslim with some Shia Muslims and Christians, the NLA comprised some 500-1000 uniformed male and female fighters organized into conventional 'Commando', Infantry, Signals, and Military Police branches. It fielded a 'mechanized' corps provided with a single UR-416 armoured car seized from the Lebanese Forces in 1985,[2][3][4] plus 40 all-terrain vehicles. The latter consisted mostly of Suzuki Jimny LJ20 1st generation off-road mini SUVs,[5] Land-Rover series II-III, Peugeot 404, Toyota Land Cruiser (J40),[6][7] Toyota Land Cruiser (J55), Toyota Land Cruiser (J70), GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30, and Datsun 720 pickup trucks[8] fitted with heavy machine guns, recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft autocannons.
The PNO in the Civil War: 1975–90
Closely allied with the Al-Mourabitoun, the PNO/NLA joined the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) in April 1975,[9] playing a somewhat significant role in the controversial siege of the Christian coastal town of Damour in January 1976, and later took part in the ‘Spring offensive’ held in March that year on the Mount Lebanon region. Forced to go underground during the June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon when the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) occupied Sidon, the PNO/NLA re-formed in the wake of the Israeli pull-out from southern Lebanon in March–April 1985, and fought alongside the Palestinians at the battles for Kfar-Fallus and Jezzine against the Israeli-backed South Lebanese Army (SLA). Simultaneously, they joined in a Syrian-backed coalition with the Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) and the Shiite Amal Movement, which defeated the Christian Lebanese Forces (LF) attempts to establish bridgeheads at Damour and Sidon.
The post-war years
The party is led today by Osama Saad, who was an MP in the Lebanese Parliament, and it is an active party in the March 8 Alliance at the regional level in southern Lebanon and the district of Sidon.
See also
- Al-Mourabitoun
- Damour massacre
- Nasserism
- People’s Liberation Army (Lebanon)
- Lebanese National Movement
- Lebanese Civil War
- List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
- Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
Notes
- ↑ Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War (1980), pp. 68-69.
- ↑ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 56.
- ↑ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 125.
- ↑ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 72.
- ↑ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 74.
- ↑ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 27.
- ↑ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 52.
- ↑ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 55-57.
- ↑ McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 243.
References
- Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As’ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason, Lebanon: a country study, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. -
- Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French)
- Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
- Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)
- Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in French) –
- Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. ISBN 978-0030397011
- Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 9953-0-1256-8
- Mordechai Nisan, The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz), Frank Cass Publishers, London 2003. ISBN 978-0-7146-8378-2
- Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
- Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press (3rd ed. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9
- Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
- Steven J. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. ISBN 962-361-613-9
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