Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney

The Right Honourable
The Baroness Amherst of Hackney
OBE

1919 upon receipt of her OBE
Born Mary Rothes Margaret Tyssen-Amherst
(1857-04-25)25 April 1857
Didlington Hall, Norfolk, England
Died 21 December 1919(1919-12-21) (aged 62)
London, England
Nationality English
Other names Lady William Cecil
Years active 1901-1919
Known for Excavations in Qubbet el-Hawa and various birding books

Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney, OBE (née Mary Rothes Margaret Tyssen-Amherst; 25 April 1857 – 21 December 1919) was a British hereditary peer, charity worker, amateur archaeologist and ornithologist. Thirty-two of the Tombs of the Nobles at Aswan were uncovered in her excavations and for many years were known as the "Cecil Tombs". She was one of the few English women to have held a peerage in her own right. The black crowned crane, balearica pavonia ceciliae was named in her honour.

Early life

Mary Rothes Margaret Tyssen-Amherst, known as "May" to her family,[1] was born on 25 April 1857[2] in Didlington Hall near Swaffham in western Norfolk county, England[3] to Margaret Susan (née Mitford) and William Amhurst Tyssen-Amhurst (which was changed to the surname Tyssen-Amherst in 1877).[2][4] Descending of wealthy Flemish traders, the Tyssen family acquired estates in Hackney and Norfolk, leading to a wide circle of friends and monetary influence. Her father, was a collector of books and antique artifacts, with a strong interest in Egyptian antiquities.[1][4] He had large collections of books and manuscripts, many on the history of bookbinding and printing,[4] and his collection of artifacts was at one time the third largest in England.[1] May's mother was known for her wood carving skill, with her handiworks adorning Didlington Hall, as well as her needle skills, as an amateur surgeon. Her maternal grandfather, Admiral Robert Mitford,[5] besides serving in the Royal Navy, was a naturalist who had studied engraving techniques and illustrated birds.[6]

As did her six younger sisters, May studied at home, learning painting, music and domestic arts, as well as horsemanship.[7] The sisters were also taught the importance of childhood education, caring for the poor and sick and the need to tend to building institutions which fostered the health and welfare of society.[8] From a young age, she was interested in the collections on Egypt, spending hours in the museum which her father had built in one wing of the house. In 1871, her parents took her with them on her first trip to the country,[1] which was just opening up to tourism. They traveled in the private car of Ottoman Khedive, Isma'il Pasha, rather than by rail and stayed in Shepheard's Hotel, making excursions to the pyramids, Saqqara, and Suez. May sketched birds, rode on donkey's and ponies, and, in addition to touring and camping,[9] attended a performance of Aida at the Khedivial Opera House and roamed the gardens and rooms of Inji Hanimefendi's palace.[10]

Returning home to England, May married Colonel Lord William Cecil, son of the 3rd Marquess of Exeter on 2 September 1885. The couple had four sons: William (1886-1914), Thomas James (1887-1955), John Francis (1890-1954) and Henry Mitford (1893-1962).[2] In 1891, Howard Carter and his father Samuel visited Didlington Hall to study the artifacts at the estate's museum. The two were known for their illustrations and drawings and were acquaintances of the family.[1][11] Lady Margaret, who was impressed by young Howard's talent, assisted in arranging an apprenticeship for him from the Egypt Exploration Fund,[12] as a tracer of drawings and inscriptions.[13] The following year, in 1892, May's father, who by then had served several terms as member of the House of Commons became the 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney. As he had no male heirs, a special remainder granted that May (now known as Lady Cecil) would succeed him as the 2nd Baron (i.e. Baroness) to pass the title on to her male heirs.[4]

Career

Despite that it was unusual for women to participate in archaeology at the time,[14] in 1901, encouraged by Howard Carter, Lady Cecil began excavations at Qubbet el-Hawa near Aswan. Her family was wintering in the area and while exploring on the west bank of the Nile had discovered what she thought might be an ancient cemetery.[15] Carter, who in 1899 had been appointed by the Antiquities Service as one of two European Chief Inspectors and in charge of excavations in the Nile Valley south from Qus to the Sudanese border,[16] came to see the find the following day. He arranged for permits to excavate and provided an inspector and workers to assist in the dig.[15] She kept a diary of the details of the expedition[17] in which multiple tombs were found, as well as wooden anthropoid coffins of the Saite Era. Though the entire necropolis was infested with termites, Tomb 21 yielded two burial boxes. The male's coffin disintegrated when it was touched, but the female's coffin remained intact[18] and was removed. The exterior was painted in yellow and devoid of any inscription. The mummy was covered with a blue network of beading. A coarse blue glaze was used on the winged scarabs and Amenti gods depicted on the canopic jars. The sole adornment of the mummy was a one inch by half inch opaque green stone. Lady Cecil's diary recorded that the names found in the tomb were[19] Bao-bao, daughter of Pawebas and Shepentanefet and her brother Waher. She also reported remnants of a former burial, which may have been the tomb of Shepentanefret.[20]

In all, Lady Cecil uncovered thirty-two tombs at the site which became known as the "Cecil Tombs", and were later called the Tombs of the Nobles[21] or Qubbet el-Hawa.[22] Her discovery of the tomb of Heqata was described as a small chamber, with two earthenware pots and containing a square coffin upon which were a bow and some arrow tips, as well as three walking sticks. Inside the coffin, on a trellis-shaped frame filled with grids of dirt, lay the mummy of Heqata.[23] The mummy was full of weevils, but was encased in seven layers of finely woven cloth. Though there were no artifacts found with the mummy, the exterior wrapping was painted white about the face with a painted necklace.[24] In many of the tombs, Lady Cecil reported that they appeared to be re-used, and her finds suggest the artifacts came from a diverse range of dynasties.[25] The excavations proved successful and though Carter took "some of the best things", both he and Gaston Maspero were pleased with the endeavor.[17]

Returning home, Lady Cecil published her findings "Report on the Work Done at Aswan" in the Annales du Service des antiquités de l'Egypte in 1903.[14] In December, 1903, Lord and Lady Cecil attended Princess Henry of Battenburg to return to Egypt,[26] having been members of her household for many years.[27][28] Her second season was not as productive and her work was overshadowed by a discovery made on Elephantine Island of a papyrus engagement contract. The document, in Aramaic script, contained important descriptions of the fortress and city of Aswan in the era of Artaxerxes I and Darius II[17] and Lady Cecil worked diligently with Howard Carter and others to try to get it published.[29] In 1904, she published Bird Notes from the Nile,[30] which she offered for sale to benefit the parish church of St. Mary's in Scarborough, North Yorkshire.[31] The book inspired the black crowned crane, balearica pavonia ceciliae to be named in her honor.[32] Other charitable works Lady Cecil supported included the Children's Invalid Aid Fund;[33] London's Queen's Hospital for Children, for which she was one of only two women directors;[34] and the ambulance and hospital works of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem,[35] for which she also served as a Lady Justice.[36]

Lady Cecil and her husband spent the next several years traveling, visiting Australia in 1905.[37] In 1906, they were in Madrid, where Lady Cecil served as the only English lady-in-waiting attending Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Princess Henry's daughter, when she became Spanish queen.[27] That same year at the request of the Empress Dowager Cixi, Lord and Lady Cecil went with an English committee to help organize schools for Chinese girls.[38] They returned with Princess Henry and her entourage to Spain the following year, as well.[39] In 1909, when her father died suddenly, Lady Cecil succeeded him suo jure under the special remainder previously attained, as the 2nd Baron(ess) Amherst of Hackney,[40] but his residual estate had been reduced to £341,[41] as most of his personal collections and estate had been sold to pay off debt, when he was defrauded by his attorney.[27][42][43]

During World War I, Lady Cecil participated in projects to raise funds for various war works, including an exhibition of her own paintings of Egyptian scenes at the Dudley Galleries[28] and a fundraiser at the Royal School of Needlework.[44] Her son and heir, Captain William Amherst Cecil was killed at the Battle of the Aisne on 16 September 1914.[45] She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1919 for her charitable works with several governmental offices dealing with sanitation and health.[46]

Death and legacy

Barely a month after her own mother died, Lady Cecil died on 20 December 1919 in London.[47] The coffin of Bao-bao was sold upon Lady Cecil's death via a sale organized by Sotheby's in June 1921 to Albert M. Todd. In 1932, Todd presented the piece to the Kalamazoo Public Museum.[18] The Sotheby's sale was described as "the most important sale of Egyptian antiquities ever held in England" to that point in time and included 917 lots of Egyptian artifacts and 47 lots of cuneiform tablets and other objects.[48] Lady Cecil’s journal on her first trip to Egypt is part of the records kept in Biltmore House in Asheville, North Carolina.[15] Her notes and letters have been useful references for other archaeologists in tracking provenance of objects which were part of the family collections[49] and because the tombs she inspected have not fully been subsequently explored.[50]

Selected works

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Reid 2008, p. 3.
  2. 1 2 3 Lundy 2011.
  3. ↑ Reid 2008, p. 1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Bell 2004.
  5. ↑ Duggan 2009, p. 12.
  6. ↑ Uglow 2011, p. 490.
  7. ↑ Duggan 2009, pp. 12-13.
  8. ↑ Duggan 2009, p. 15.
  9. ↑ Reid 2008, p. 4.
  10. ↑ Reid 2008, p. 5.
  11. ↑ James 2012, pp. 10-11.
  12. ↑ Duggan 2009, p. 55.
  13. ↑ Brier 2013, p. 15.
  14. 1 2 Willems 1996, p. 15.
  15. 1 2 3 James 2012, p. 94.
  16. ↑ James 2012, p. 78.
  17. 1 2 3 James 2012, p. 95.
  18. 1 2 Elias 1996, p. 105.
  19. ↑ Elias 1996, p. 106.
  20. ↑ Elias 1996, p. 107.
  21. ↑ Luckhurst 2012, p. 191.
  22. ↑ James 2012, pp. 12, 95.
  23. ↑ Willems 1996, p. 16.
  24. ↑ Willems 1996, p. 17.
  25. ↑ Willems 1996, pp. 18-22.
  26. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1903, p. 6.
  27. 1 2 3 de Fontenoy 1906, p. 6.
  28. 1 2 The Manchester Guardian 1915, p. 6.
  29. ↑ James 2012, p. 136.
  30. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1904, p. 4.
  31. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1905, p. 6.
  32. ↑ Beolens, Watkins & Grayson 2014, p. 251.
  33. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1916, p. 5.
  34. ↑ The Spokane Daily Chronicle 1911, p. 4.
  35. ↑ Duggan 2009, p. 14.
  36. ↑ The Edinburgh Gazette 1907, p. 1349.
  37. ↑ The Register 1905, p. 4.
  38. ↑ Somerset 1908, p. 9.
  39. ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer 1907, p. 16.
  40. ↑ Gibbs 1910, pp. 124-125.
  41. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1909, p. 11.
  42. ↑ Brabrook 1909, p. 41.
  43. ↑ The Atlanta Constitution 1908, p. 3.
  44. ↑ The Manchester Guardian 1917, p. 4.
  45. ↑ Cracroft-Brennan 2009.
  46. ↑ Imperial War Museum 2016.
  47. ↑ Duggan 2009, p. 129.
  48. ↑ The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1921, p. 218.
  49. ↑ D'Auria 2008, pp. 225-226.
  50. ↑ Willems 1996, pp. 15-16.
  51. ↑ The Auk April 1917, p. 235.
  52. ↑ The Auk July 1917, p. 363.

Bibliography

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