Martha Dodd

Martha Eccles Dodd (October 8, 1908 – August 10, 1990) was an American journalist and novelist. The daughter of William Edward Dodd, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first Ambassador to Germany, Dodd lived in Berlin from 1933–37 and was a witness to the rise of the Third Reich. She became involved in left-wing politics after she purportedly witnessed first-hand the violence of the Nazi state. With her second husband Alfred Stern Jr. she engaged in espionage for the Soviet Union from before World War II until the height of the Cold War.

Biography

Martha Dodd was born in Ashland, Virginia. She studied at the University of Chicago and also for a time in Washington, D.C. and Paris. She served briefly as assistant literary editor of the Chicago Tribune.^[5]

Martha and her brother, William E. Dodd, Jr., accompanied their parents to Berlin when her father took up the post of U.S. Ambassador in 1933. She initially found the Nazi movement attractive. She later wrote that she "became temporarily an ardent defender of everything going on" and admired the "glowing and inspiring faith in Hitler, the good that was being done for the unemployed."^[6] She made a number of friends in high circles, and Ernst Hanfstaengl, her sometime lover and an aide to Adolf Hitler, tried to encourage a romantic relationship between Hitler and Dodd. Dodd found Hitler "excessively gentle and modest in his manners", but no romance followed their meeting.^[6] She had numerous relationships while in Berlin, including with Ernst Udet, a senior Luftwaffe officer and with French diplomat Armand Berard (later France's ambassador to the United Nations.)^[7][8] Other lovers included future Nobel Laureate Max Delbrück and the first head of the Gestapo, Rudolf Diels.^[9]

Following the Night of the Long Knives, the mid-1934 Nazi purge of its paramilitary Sturmabteilung, Dodd changed her views on the Nazis. People in her social circle were begging the Americans for help and the Dodd family found its phones tapped and their servants enlisted as spies.^[10] Her mother wrote that Dodd "got into a nervous state that almost bordered on the hysterical [and] had terrible nightmares".^[6]

In March 1934, the Soviet NKVD Center ordered intelligence officer Boris Vinogradov (under diplomatic cover in Berlin as press attache), to recruit his lover Martha Dodd as an agent.^[11] Vinogradov and Dodd began a romantic relationship that lasted for years, even after he left Berlin; in 1936 they asked Joseph Stalin for permission to marry.^[12][13] Martha Dodd agreed to spy for the Soviet Union.^[14] Other case officers soon replaced Vinogradov and Dodd worked with each of them while hoping to reconnect with Vinogradov.^[11] (Vinogradov was executed in approximately 1938, during the Great Purge.^[15]) Dodd informed the Soviets of secret embassy and State Department business and provided details of her father's reports to the State Department.^[14] As part of her cover, she maintained a romantic relationship with Louis Ferdinand, grandson of the last Kaiser.^[16] Anticipating her father's retirement from his Berlin post, she tried to learn the Soviet's preferred replacement for him as U.S. Ambassador and told the NKVD leadership that "If this man has at least a slight chance, I will persuade my father to promote his candidacy."^[17] After the Dodds left Germany in December, 1937,^[18] Iskhak Akhmerov, NKVD rezident in New York City, managed her espionage work.^[19]

In the summer of 1938, while still romantically involved with the filmmaker Sidney Kaufman, with whom she lived for several months,^[20] Martha married New York millionaire Alfred Stern, an investment broker^[21] who acquired great wealth in a prior divorce from the daughter of Sears Roebuck tycoon Julius Rosenwald.^[22] According to Dodd, Stern was prepared to contribute $50,000 to the Democratic party to secure an ambassadorship.^[23] The Soviets viewed her as a valuable but uncertain asset. One assessment was: "A gifted, clever and educated woman, she requires constant control over her behavior."^[24] Another assessment was that "She considers herself a Communist and claims to accept the party's program. In reality [she] is a typical representative of American bohemia, a sexually decayed woman ready to sleep with any handsome man."^[24] In a February 5, 1942, letter, Dodd told her Soviet contacts that her husband should be brought into their network. With their approval, she approached her husband and reported that he responded with enthusiasm: "He wanted to do something immediately. He felt he had many contacts that could be valuable in this sort of work."^[25] Stern established a music publishing house that served as a cover for routing information from the U.S. to the Soviet Union.^[26][27] Dodd and Stern proved of little value to the Soviets beyond providing the publishing house cover and occasionally recommending someone as a potential agent.^[28] As part of the Soble spy ring, Miss Dodd (code named Liza) recommended Jane Foster to infiltrate the OSS.^[29]

In 1939, Dodd published a memoir of her years in Berlin, Through Embassy Eyes. It included extravagant praise of the Soviet Union based in her travels there.^[28] With her brother as co-editor, she published her father's Berlin diaries, Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938.^[28]

Her 1945 novel, Sowing the Wind, described the moral deterioration of decent Germans under Hitler. It was "not much esteemed as a work of fiction,"^[5] but became a best-seller in translation in the Russian sector of Berlin in 1949.^[30]

The FBI had Dodd under surveillance by 1948.^[31] Contacts between Dodd and Stern and the NKGB, successor to the NKVD, lapsed in 1949.^[32] In 1955, Dodd published The Searching Light, a defense of academic freedom that told the story of a professor under pressure to sign a loyalty oath.^[5] In July 1956, subpoenaed to testify in several espionage cases, they fled to Prague via Mexico with their nine-year-old son.^[32][33] They later applied for and were denied Soviet citizenship.^[34] Boris Morros, a Soviet spy turned FBI informant, implicated Dodd and Stern in 1957 as Soviet agents as part of his exposure of the Soble spy network. The Soviets then allowed them to emigrate to Moscow just as they were convicted of espionage by a U.S. court.^[34]

A KGB document, dated October 1975, noted that the Sterns spent 1963–70 in Cuba.^[35] In the 1970s, apparently disappointed with their lives in the Soviet Union, they tried without success to have their American attorney negotiate their return to the U.S. The KGB monitored the negotiations and had no objections, since their knowledge of espionage activities was outdated or had been revealed by Morros.^[35]

In 1979 the U.S. Department of Justice dropped charges against Dodd and her husband related to the Soble case.^[33] She died on August 10, 1990, in Prague.^[4]

Her letters were deposited at the Library of Congress.^[36] Her FBI file contained 10,400 pages.^[26]

Works

• Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), excerpt available, UK title: My Years in Germany
• Martha Dodd, Charles Austin Beard, eds., Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938 (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), OCLC 395068
• Martha Dodd, Sowing the Wind (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)
• Martha Dodd, The Searching Light (NY: Citadel Press, 1955)

In popular culture

• Dodd features as a character in the 2012 novel Flight from Berlin by David John.
• Dodd figures prominently in the nonfiction book, In the Garden of Beasts by Erik Larson, which recounts the Dodd family's experiences in Berlin in the 1930s.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. NY: Oxford University Press. 
• Burns, Jim (January 2001). The strange case of Martha Dodd. The Penniless Press On-Line. Retrieved 2011-11-28.  Issue 13
• Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (2006). Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85738-3. OCLC 70986245. 
• Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07771-1. OCLC 40396483. 
• Larson, Erik (2011). In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin. Crown. ISBN 0-307-40884-1. 
• Gene Smith, "Martha Dodd's Shining Season," American Heritage, July/August 1997, vol. 48, issue 4, available online, accessed June 13, 2011
• Weinstein, Allen; Alexander Vassiliev (1999). The Haunted Wood. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75536-5. OCLC 43680047. 
• vanden Heuvel, Katrina (September 1991). "Grand Illusions." Vanity Fair. p. 220-

External links

• Traces - Martha Dodd
• The Strange Case of Martha Dodd
• Martha Dodd at Find a Grave