Marble Bar, Western Australia

Marble Bar
Western Australia

Marble Bar in 1898
Marble Bar
Coordinates 21°10′12″S 119°44′49″E / 21.17000°S 119.74694°E / -21.17000; 119.74694Coordinates: 21°10′12″S 119°44′49″E / 21.17000°S 119.74694°E / -21.17000; 119.74694
Population 208 (2011 census)[1]
Established 1893
Postcode(s) 6760
Elevation 178 m (584 ft)
Location
  • 1,476 km (917 mi) North East of Perth
  • 152 km (94 mi) South East of Port Hedland
  • 242 km (150 mi) North of Newman
LGA(s) Shire of East Pilbara
State electorate(s) Pilbara
Federal Division(s) Durack
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
35.3 °C
96 °F
19.9 °C
68 °F
361.7 mm
14.2 in

Marble Bar is a town and rock formation in the Pilbara region of north-western Western Australia. It is well known for its extremely hot weather.

History

The town was officially gazetted in 1893 following the discovery of gold in the area in 1890 by a prospector named Francis Jenkins who is remembered by the name of the town's main street.[2] The name Marble Bar was derived from a nearby jasper bar mistaken for marble and now known as Marble Bar, which runs across the bed of the Coongan River.

In 1891 the town boasted a population in excess of 5,000 as it experienced a rush on the goldfields.[3]

By 1895 the town had its Government offices built; these are now National Trust buildings. Cut from local stone, the buildings still stand today.

Possibly the most famous building in the town is the Ironclad hotel built in the 1890s, constructed of corrugated Iron, and given the name by American miners who were reminded of the Ironclad ships from the United States. In 2006, the Ironclad hotel was listed on the Western Australian register of heritage places.[4]

Several large gold nuggets were discovered as a result of the goldrush. The 333 ounce Little Hero nugget, the 413 ounce Bobby Dazzler and the 332 ounce General Gordon nugget were all found in the goldfields around the town.

During World War II, United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force heavy bombers were based 25 kilometres (16 mi) away as the crow flies at Corunna Downs Airfield. Allied airmen from the base attacked Japanese forces as far away as Borneo.

It had a railway connecting with Port Hedland up until the early 1950s, which can be seen as a narrow gauge precursor to the network of standard gauge iron-ore railways that have since been created across the Pilbara.

Climate

Marble Bar has an arid climate with very hot summers and mild to warm winters. Most of the annual rainfall occurs in the summer. The town set a world record of most consecutive days of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or above, during a period of 160 days from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[5] Although annual temperatures indicate Marble Bar to be within the tropics thanks due a July mean at 19 °C (66 °F), it is a long way off qualifying as a tropical climate, due to the high precipitation requirements for hot-weather climates to sustain tropical vegetation.

During December and January, temperatures in excess of 45 °C (113 °F) are common, and the average maximum temperature exceeds normal human body temperature for 6 months each year. Marble Bar receives 159.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint in the summers is between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F). Rainfall is erratic and sparse, falling largely between December and April. As little as 71.1 mm (2.8 in) can fall in a year, however during heavy wet seasons when the monsoon reaches well south into the Pilbara, as much as 797.9 mm (31.4 in) can fall annually. The most rain recorded in a month is 417.4 mm (16.4 in) in March 2007.[6][7]

Climate data for Marble Bar, Western Australia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.2
(120.6)
48.3
(118.9)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113)
39.5
(103.1)
35.8
(96.4)
35.0
(95)
37.2
(99)
42.6
(108.7)
46.0
(114.8)
47.2
(117)
48.4
(119.1)
49.2
(120.6)
Average high °C (°F) 41.0
(105.8)
39.8
(103.6)
39.0
(102.2)
36.0
(96.8)
30.7
(87.3)
27.1
(80.8)
26.8
(80.2)
29.6
(85.3)
33.9
(93)
37.6
(99.7)
40.5
(104.9)
41.6
(106.9)
35.3
(95.5)
Average low °C (°F) 26.1
(79)
25.7
(78.3)
24.8
(76.6)
21.4
(70.5)
16.6
(61.9)
13.2
(55.8)
11.7
(53.1)
13.3
(55.9)
16.7
(62.1)
20.3
(68.5)
23.6
(74.5)
25.5
(77.9)
19.9
(67.8)
Record low °C (°F) 18.9
(66)
13.9
(57)
15.0
(59)
10.0
(50)
5.6
(42.1)
1.1
(34)
2.2
(36)
3.9
(39)
5.6
(42.1)
10.0
(50)
14.4
(57.9)
17.0
(62.6)
1.1
(34)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 76.3
(3.004)
87.8
(3.457)
56.7
(2.232)
21.9
(0.862)
23.0
(0.906)
23.0
(0.906)
12.6
(0.496)
6.4
(0.252)
0.9
(0.035)
3.8
(0.15)
9.1
(0.358)
39.6
(1.559)
361.7
(14.24)
Average precipitation days 7.4 7.7 4.9 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.5 4.6 36.0
Average relative humidity (%) 26 31 26 23 27 28 24 21 17 16 16 20 23
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology[6][7]

North Pole

An ironically named locality nearby is known as North Pole (21° 05' S. 119° 22' E.), no doubt for its heat. It is the location of rock formations considered to have evidence that puts the origin of life on earth back to 3,400–3,500 million years ago, due to stromatolites in particular rock sequences.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] However this is disputed, and it is argued that stromatolites older than 3,200 mya are not the result of living organisms (the definition of stromatolites includes both living and abiotic causes), the small conical structures in the Strelley Pool formation (Warrawoona Group) being formed by evaporation and a dome structure from the North Pole chert (also Warrawoona Group) being formed by soft-sediment deformation.[18][19]

See also

References

  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Marble Bar (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
  2. "Marble Bar". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  3. "About Australia - Marble Bar, WA". 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  4. "ABC News - Historic Marble Bar hotel to get heritage listing". 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  5. "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  6. 1 2 "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Marble Bar Comparison". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
  7. 1 2 "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Marble Bar". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  8. Douglas, Kim. (1980) "Oldest forms of life on Earth found in WA rocks". North Pole Gold Mine (W.A.) Australian women's weekly, 5 November 1980, p.36-37
  9. Dunlop, J.S.R.; Muir, M.D.; Milne, A.; Groves, D.I. (1978). "A New Microfossil Assemblage from the Archaean of Western Australia". Nature. 274 (5672): 676–678. doi:10.1038/274676a0.
  10. Walter, M.R.; Buick, R.; Dunlop, J.R.S. (1980). "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia". Nature. 284 (5755): 443–445. doi:10.1038/284443a0.
  11. Buick, R.; Dunlop, J.S.R.; Groves, D.I. (1981). "Stromatolite Recognition in Ancient Rocks and Appraisal of Irregularly Laminated Structures in an Early Archaean Chert-Barite Unit from North Pole, Western Australia". Alcheringa. 5: 161–181. doi:10.1080/03115518108566999.
  12. "Newly discovered early Archean (3.4–3.5 Ga Old) microorganisms from the Warrawoona Group of Western Australia". SpringerLink. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  13. Buick, R (1988). "Carbonaceous Filaments from North Pole, Western Australia: Are They Fossil Bacteria in Archaean Stromatolites? A reply". Precambrian Research. 39: 311–317. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(88)90024-1.
  14. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV (2004): "Characterization Of The Organic Matter In An Archean Chert (Warrawoona, Australia)."
  15. "Molecular evidence for life in the 3.5 billion year old Warrawoona chert". Bibcode:2008E&PSL.272..476D. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  16. http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03612/EGU04-J-03612.pdf Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 6, 03612, 2004: SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU04-A-03612: European Geosciences Union 2004: "Characterization Of The Organic Matter In An Archean Chert (Warrawoona, Australia)"
  17. http://pilbara.mq.edu.au/wiki/Reef
  18. Lowe, D R (1994). "Abiological origin of described stromatolites older than 3.2 Ga.". Geology. 22: 387–390. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0387:aoodso>2.3.co;2.
  19. Hofmann HJ (2004). "Archean microfossils and abiomorphs". Astrobiology. 4 (2): 135–6. Bibcode:2004AsBio...4..135H. doi:10.1089/153110704323175115. PMID 15253835.

Further reading

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