List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.12

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 322.12 under that system. These instruments may be known as angular harps.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument

322: Instrument whose strings are at right angles to the sound table, such that a line between the lower tips of the strings would point at the neck (harps)

322.1: Instrument without a pillar (open harps)

322.12: Instrument has a neck that sharply angles away from the resonator (angular harps)

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

4: Hammers or beaters
5: Bare hands and fingers
6: Plectrum
7: Bowing
- 71: Using a bow
- 72: Using a wheel
- 73: Using a ribbon
8: Keyboard
9: Using a mechanical drive

List

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
Assyrian harp	Assyrian	{{{Number}}}	Oldest-documented angular harp^[1]
brnt	Egypt	322.12	Used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased^[2]^[3]
chang	Persian	322.12	Angular harp^[2]
trigonon	Ancient Greek	322.12	Angular harp^[2]

References

Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson; János Harmatta; Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ; Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. ISBN 81-208-1596-3.
Knight, Roderick (Winter 1985). Society for Ethnomusicology. "The Harp in India Today". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press. 29 (1): 9–28. doi:10.2307/852322. JSTOR 852322.
von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

↑ Knight, pg. 9, Depictions of the Assyrian harp date to the second millennium BC.
1 2 3 Dani et al., pg. 588
↑ Gilman, Daniel Coit, Harry Thurston Peck and Frank Moore Colby (Eds.), eds. (1906). "Egyptian Music". The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 712. Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

322: Harps

322.1: Open

322.11: Arched	Adungu African Saung

322.12: Angular	Çeng Chang

322.2: Frame

322.21: w/o tuning	322.211 Diatonic Paraguayan 322.212 Chromatic 322.212.1 Inline 322.212.2 Cross-strung

322.22: w/ tuning	322.221 Lever 322.222 Pedal

Other

Hornbostel–Sachs system

1. Idiophone
(list)

11. Struck	111. Directly 111.1. Concussion 111.2. Percussion 112. Indirectly 112.1. Shaken/rattle 112.2. Scraped/rasp

12. Plucked	121. Frame 121.1. Clack 121.2. Guimbarde 122. Comb 122.1. Lace 122.2. Cut out

13. Friction	131. Stick Nail violin 132. Plaque Musical saw Daxophone 133. Vessel Glass harmonica

14. Blown	141. Stick 142. Plaque

2. Membran-
ophone
(list)

21. Struck	211. Directly 211.1. Bowl 211.2. Tubular 211.3. Frame 212. Shaken

22. Plucked	Nyatiti

23. Friction	231. Stick 232. Cord 233. Hand

24. Kazoo	241. Free 242. Tube/vessel

3.
Chordophone
(list)

31. Simple / zither	311. Bar/stick Musical bow Stick zither 312. Tube Whole Half 313. Raft Idiochord Heterochord 314. Board 315. Trough 316. Frame

32. Composite	321. Lute 321.1. Bow 321.2. Yoke 322. Harp 322.1. Open 322.2. Frame 323. Harp lute

4. Aerophone
(list)

41. Free	411. Displacement Whip 412. Interruptive 412.1. Idiophonic/reed 412.2. Non-idiophonic 413. Plosive

42. Non-free	421. Flute 421.1. Non-fipple 421.2. Fipple 422. Reed 422.1. Double reed 422.2. Single reed 422.3. Reedpipe 423. Brass 423.1 Natural 423.2 Chromatic

5.
Electrophone
(list)

51. Action
52. Amplification
53. Radioelectric
- Theremin

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