L 20 α-class battleship
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name: | L 20 α class |
| Operators: |
 Kaiserliche Marine |
| Preceded by: | Bayern class |
| Succeeded by: | Scharnhorst class |
| Planned: | Unknown |
| Completed: | None |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Battleship |
| Displacement: |
|
| Length: | 238 m (781 ft) |
| Beam: | 33.5 m (110 ft) |
| Draft: |
|
| Installed power: | 100,000 shp (75,000 kW) |
| Propulsion: |
|
| Speed: | 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) |
| Armament: |
|
| Armor: |
|
L 20 α was a design plan for a class of battleships to be built in 1918 for the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I. The design was selected on 2 October 1917, and construction was to have started 11 September 1918. The ships would have been significantly larger than the preceding Bayern-class battleships, at 238 m (781 ft) long, compared to 180 m (590 ft) for the preceding ships. The ships would have been the first German warship to have mounted guns larger than 40.6 cm (16 in).[lower-alpha 1] However, Germany's declining war situation and the transfer of emphasis within the Navy from capital ships to submarines meant that the ships would never be constructed.[1]
Design
In January 1916, Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet.[2] Following the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, Scheer pushed for new, more powerful battleships. He demanded the new ships have guns of 42 cm (16.5 in) caliber, an armored belt 350 mm (14 in) thick, and be capable of speeds of up to 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), all on a displacement of up to 50,000 metric tons (49,000 long tons; 55,000 short tons).[3] The new 42 cm gun was designed by 29 December 1916, and was approved on 11 September 1918, though none were actually built.[4] After the outbreak of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917, Admiral von Capelle argued that capital ship construction should not be halted in favor of U-boat construction. On 21 August 1917, the construction department submitted two design proposals for the new battleship class, L 20 and L 24. The primary difference was the placement of the ships' torpedo armament. The L 20 design placed them in the hull below the waterline, while the L 24 proposal used above-water launchers.[5] Displacement for the designs was fixed at 45,000 t (44,000 long tons; 50,000 short tons).[6] Both ships also had a top speed of only 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph), which was unacceptable to Scheer.[7]
During the design process, it was decided that the utmost concern was that the ships could be built quickly and placed into service. The ships were to discard the use of broadside belt armor below the waterline, the attachment of which was an extremely long process. It was believed that the higher speed of the class—26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph)—would make up for the vulnerability to torpedo attack and make the armor unnecessary.[lower-alpha 2]The initial designs called for three main battery turrets, each mounting a pair of new 42 cm (16.5 inch) guns, though this was later increased to four twin turrets. However, the work that would have been necessary to design and test the new turret clashed with U-boat construction, which had become the priority of the Navy. Krupp, the firm that had been awarded the contract to conduct the testing, informed the Reichsmarineamt (RMA—the Imperial Navy Office) that design work on the new turret would have to wait. Capelle accepted the news without much objection. Nevertheless, the ships were never built. The RMA filed a report dated 1 February 1918, which stated that capital ship construction had ground to a halt, primarily due to the shifting priorities to the U-boat war.[8]
Characteristics
Armament
The main battery was arranged in four twin turrets, as in the preceding Bayern class, in a superfiring arrangement on the centerline. The aft pair of turrets were separated by engine rooms. The four turrets mounted two 42 cm (16.5 in) SK L/45 guns,[lower-alpha 3] for a total of eight guns on the broadside.[1][9] The 42 cm gun fired a 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) shell out to 33,000 m (108,000 ft) at the maximum elevation of 30 degrees. The estimated muzzle velocity was 800 meters per second (2,600 ft/s)[4] The ships were to have been armed with a secondary battery of twelve 15 cm (5.9 in) guns mounted in casemates. The anti-aircraft battery was to have consisted of either eight 8.8 cm (3.45 in) Flak L/45 guns or eight 10.5 cm (4.1 in) Flak L/45 guns. The design was to have been equipped with three submerged torpedo tubes, either 60 cm (23.6 in) or 70 cm (27.6 in) in diameter. One tube was placed in the bow, the other two on either beam to the rear of the engine rooms.[1]
Armor
The ships had a 350 mm (14 in) armored belt, and ran from slightly forward of the fore barbette to slightly aft of the fourth barbette. The belt began 35 cm below the waterline to 195 cm (77 in) above it.[1] Directly above the main belt was a strake of armor plating that was 250 mm (9.8 in) thick. This section of side armor extended up to the upper deck.[10] The ships' armored deck was to have been 50 mm (2.0 in) thick forward, increased to 50 to 60 mm (2.0 to 2.4 in) amidships, and 50 to 120 mm (2.0 to 4.7 in) aft. The ships were also to have had a forecastle deck that was 20 to 40 mm (0.79 to 1.57 in) thick. The ships were also protected by a torpedo bulkhead that was 50–60 mm thick. A sloped 30 mm (1.2 in) thick splinter bulkhead, designed to protect against shell fragments, extended from the top of the torpedo bulkhead up to the upper deck.[1]
The barbettes were also 350 mm thick on the front and sides, but decreased to 250 mm on the rear. The main gun turrets had 350 mm faces, 250 mm sides, 305 mm (12.0 in) rears, and 150 to 250 mm (5.9 to 9.8 in) roofs.[1] The secondary guns were protected with 170 mm (6.7 in) of armor plate.[10]
Machinery and other characteristics
The ships were to have been powered by either 2 or 4 sets of steam turbines driving 4 shafts. The steam plant consisted of 6 oil-fired and 16 coal-fired boilers trunked into a single funnel. Bunkerage was 2,950 metric tons (2,900 long tons; 3,250 short tons) of coal and 1,970 metric tons (1,940 long tons; 2,170 short tons) of fuel oil. The ships were intended to have a single tripod foremast, as was typical for German battleships of the period.[1] Externally, the ships were very similar to the Ersatz Yorck-class battlecruisers.[11]
Notes
- ↑ The measurements used here and elsewhere in the article refer to the diameter of the bore of the gun.
- ↑ In previous battleship designs, such as the Bayern class, the main side armor extended to 35 cm (14 in) below the waterline, and then tapered down to 17.2 cm (6.8 in) below the waterline. The L 20 α design discarded the use of the lower section of belt armor. See Gardiner & Gray, pp. 149–159.
- ↑ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibers, meaning that the gun is 45 times long as it is in diameter. See Grießmer, p. 177.
Footnotes
References
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1977). Preston, Antony, ed. "German Dreadnoughts and Their Protection". Warship. London: Conway Maritime Press. I (4). ISSN 0142-6222. OCLC 3496695.
- Forstmeier, Friedrich; Breyer, Siegfried (2002). Deutsche Großkampfschiffe 1915 bis 1918 – Die Entwicklung der Typenfrage im Ersten Weltkrieg (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-6230-2.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
- Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9.
- Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9. OCLC 57239454.
- Weir, Gary E. (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1. OCLC 22665422.