Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk

Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk (Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk Streets), formerly Molenvliet West and Molenvliet Oost respectively, is a major thoroughfare located in Jakarta, Indonesia. The two streets with its canal, the Batang Hari (formerly the Molenvliet), connected Glodok and Kota Tua Jakarta to the north with Harmoni Junction to the south. Completed in late 1640s, the canal-street Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk is Jakarta's oldest major thoroughfare.^[1]

Description

At its northernmost point, Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk began at a junction where Jalan Pancoran, Jalan Pintu Besar Selatan, and Jalan Pinangsia Raya met (directly below the Glodok pedestrian link). The road ran toward the south parallel with the Batang Hari canal (official but not a very well-known name of the historic Molenvliet) until Harmoni Junction, a point where the roads stop. the Molenvliet however continued toward the east to reach Ciliwung. Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk is the oldest thoroughfare in Jakarta. The canal road traverse through the oldest China Town in Batavia. The road contains a mix of 18th-century Dutch colonial buildings, Chinese architecture, and newer modern buildings. Some of the oldest neighborhood of Batavia, e.g. Kebon Jeruk and Mangga Besar, was located along Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk.

The northern portion of the canal-road is within the administrative city of West Jakarta, while the southern portion is within Central Jakarta. The boundary of the two administrative cities is located at the junction of Jalan Sukarjo Wiryopranoto.

The first tramway of Jakarta (now defunct) pass through Molenvliet West (Jalan Gajah Mada), whilst the first corridor of TransJakarta bus rapid system pass through Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk. Jakarta MRT first line will pass below Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk toward Kota Tua.

History

Early colonial period

The residence of Reinier the Klerk, now the National Archives Building, is among the first Dutch mansion constructed along the Molenvliet.

Construction of canal-road Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk began in the 1648 when a channel was dug from the river Ciliwung toward the south to meet with the portion of Ciliwung at the south.^[2] The canal was built to drain water from the surrounding swamps south of Batavia as well as providing easier means of transporting goods. Construction was led by Phoa Bing Gam, an elected captain of the Chinese people in Batavia from 1645 to 1663.^[3] When the canal was completed, it was named Bingamvaart after Bing Gam himself.^[4] In 1661, the canal was named Molenvliet, so called because of the existence of a number of mills (Dutch molen) near the canal.^[4] The point where the Molenvliet starts at north was the result of the extension of the Nieuwepoortstraat (now Jalan Pintu Besar Selatan). This new road, going toward south parallel with the Molenvliet was named Molenvliet West, the precursor for Jalan Gajah Mada. The road Molenvliet West was largely complete c. 1650. The street extends far south until a point where Molenvliet makes a turn toward the east to feed on the southern portion of the Ciliwung.

In the 18th-century, when the fortified city of Batavia became infested with malaria epidemics, people gradually began to move to the healthier southern hinterland. The migration starts with those who could afford to move. Rich people such as government officials or influential people began to built villas along Molenvliet West. Drawings from the second half of the 18th-century show many summer houses with elaborate gardens were built along the Molenvliet West, e.g. the grand residence of Reinier de Klerk which is now the old National Archives Building and Candra Naya, residence of Khouw Tian Sek, later Luitenant der Chinezen ('Lieutenant of the Chinese').^[5] In the early 18th-century, the street Prinselaan (now Jalan Mangga Besar Raya) was constructed from Ciliwung westward toward Molenvliet West, crossing the Molenvliet via a bridge. Around 1850, a new road was constructed toward the south from the point where the Prinselaan meets the canal. This new road, running along the eastern side of Molenvliet, was named Molenvliet Oost (now Jalan Hayam Wuruk). Unlike Molenvliet West, at this period the Molenvliet Oost had not go all the way toward the Nieuwpoortstraat nor toward the Noordwijk (now Jalan Ir. H. Juanda).

In the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century, the Chinese-born merchant Khouw Tjoen and his son, Luitenant Khouw Tian Sek, began to acquire a great deal of land along the Molenvliet, then still a semi-rural suburb of Batavia.^[6][7] Fortunately for the Luitenant, the southwards urban expansion of Batavia in the early nineteenth century meant that '[t]his [area]...increased so enormously in value that without further effort on...[his] part he was changed from a comparatively well-to-do into an exceedingly wealthy man.'^[6] His descendants - the Khouw family of Tamboen, headed in the late colonial era by Khouw Kim An, last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia - remained among the largest landowners in the Molenvliet area until the mid-twentieth century.^[6][7]

Modern colonial period

Jakarta Tram in Molenvliet West (now Jalan Gajah Mada). The building in the background is the old facade of the Postspaarbank, currently Bank Tabungan Negara office.

On April 20, 1869, the Batavia Tramway Company (Bataviasche Tramweg-Maatschappij) and the Firm Dummler & Co. started the horse-carried tram line number 1 in Molenvliet West, starting from Amsterdam Gate in Kota Tua to Harmonie. This line is the first and the main line of Jakarta tramline, which would be extended up until Meester Cornelis and would end in 1962.^[8]

In the beginning of the 20th-century, the northern end of the Molenvliet retains its Old Town characteristic with its 18th-century China Town Glodok, while the newer southern portion of Molenvliet has a more European influence. Grand hotels and pleasure spaces were established at the south end of the canal-road e.g. Hotel des Indes and the Harmony Society. In early 1920s, the road Molenvliet Oost is continued to finally reach the Nieuwpoortstraat (Jalan Pintu Besar Selatan) by continuing the Molenvliet Oost toward the north until it converge with Molenvliet West around Glodok. At the same period, the Molenvliet Oost was connected to Noordwijk (now Jalan Ir. H. Juanda).

Post-independence of Indonesia

The southern end of Jalan Gajah Mada with the Harmoni Sentral TransJakarta stop. Across the canal Molenvliet, is Jalan Hayam Wuruk. In the background is the building of the former hotel of Hotel des Galeries.

Following the nationalization of names in Indonesia, Molenvliet West becomes Jalan Gajah Mada, while Molenvliet Oost become Jalan Hayam Wuruk. Both were named after Majapahit rulers.

Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk was the site of many festivals, such as the anniversary of Jakarta or the Independence Declaration festivities. Chinese celebrations were held on a boat over the Molenvliet up until the 1970s.^[2]

In the 1980s, Jakarta experienced an economic boom period with the increase of private investment. Despite the boom in economy, the environment of Jakarta becoming more and more neglected. In the canal Molenvliet, the water frequently sedimented and garbage accumulates. With the shift of the financial economy toward Jalan Sudirman, Kota was abandoned and businesses along Jalan Hayam Wuruk and Jalan Gajah Mada suffers.^[2]

In 2004, the first line of TransJakarta, corridor 1, was inaugurated. The corridor pass through Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molenvliet, Batavia.

• History of Jakarta

Reference

Cited works