Diver communications

A diver touches his first finger tip to his thumb tip while extending his other fingers
The hand signal "OK"

Diver communications are the methods used by divers to communicate with each other or with surface members of the dive team.

In professional diving, communication is usually between a single working diver and the diving supervisor at the surface control point. This is considered important both for managing the diving work, and as a safety measure for monitoring the condition of the diver. The traditional method of communication was by line signals, but this has been superseded by voice communication, and line signals are now used in emergencies when voice communications have failed. Surface supplied divers often carry a closed circuit video camera on the helmet which allows the surface team to see what the diver is doing and to be involved in inspection tasks. This can also be used to transmit hand signals to the surface if voice communications fails.

Underwater slates may be used to write text messages which can be shown to other divers,[1] and there are some dive computers which allow a limited number of pre-programmed text messages to be sent through water to other divers or surface personnel with compatible equipment.[2]

Recreational divers do not usually have access to voice communication equipment, and it does not generally work with a standard scuba demand valve, so they use other signals. Hand signals are generally used when visibility allows, and there are a range of commonly used signals, with some variations.[3] These signals are often also used by professional divers to communicate with other divers.[4] There are also a range of other special purpose non-verbal signals, mostly used for safety and emergency communications.


Voice communications

A hard-wired diver communications unit mounted in a waterproof box for convenience of transport and protection. The loose speaker has been added to increase output volume. there is a built in speaker behind the perforations on the panel.
Inside a Kirby Morgan 37 helmet showing the microphone in the oro-nasal mask, and one of the speakers at the top of the photo.

Both hard-wired (cable) and through-water electronic voice communications systems may be used with surface supplied diving. Wired systems are more popular as there is a physical connection to the diver for gas supply in any case, and adding a cable does not make the system any different to handle. Wired communications systems are still more reliable and simpler to maintain than through-water systems. The communications equipment is relatively straightforward and may be of the two-wire or four-wire type. Two wire systems use the same wires for surface to diver and diver to surface messages, whereas four wire systems allow the diver's messages and the surface operator's messages to use separate wire pairs.[4]

A standard arrangement with wired diver communications is to have the diver's side normally on, so that the surface team can hear anything from the diver at all times except when the surface is sending a message. This is considered an important safety feature, as the surface team can monitor the diver's breathing sounds, which can give early warning of problems developing, and confirms that the diver is alive.[5]

Divers breathing helium may need a decoder system also called unscrambling, which reduces the frequency of the sound to make it more intelligible.[5][4]

Through water communications systems are more suitable for scuba as the diver is not encumbered by a communications cable, but they can be fitted to surface supplied equipment if desired. Most through water systems have a Push To Talk (PTT) system, so that high power is only used to transmit the signal when the diver has something to say. For commercial diving applications this is a disadvantage, in that the supervisor can not monitor the condition of the divers by hearing them breathe.[5]

Dry bells may have a through water communication system fitted as a backup.[6]

Voice communication protocol

Underwater voice communication protocol is like radio communication protocol. The parties take turns to speak, use clear, short sentences, and indicate when they have finished, and whether a response is expected. Like radio, this is done to ensure that the message has a fair chance of being understood, and the speaker is not interrupted. When more than one recipient is possible, the caller will also identify the desired recipient by a call up message, and will also usually identify him/herself.[7][4]

The surface caller should also give the diver a chance to temporarily suspend or slow down breathing, or stop using noisy equipment, as breathing noise is often so loud that the message can not be heard over it.[7][4]

Video communications

Closed circuit video is often fitted to the helmets of surface supplied commercial divers to provide information to the surface team of the progress of work done by the diver. This may allow the surface personnel to direct the diver more effectively to facilitate the completion of the task. This is always used with voice communication. The communications cables for these systems are part of the divers umbilical. Video may also be used to monitor the occupants of a closed diving bell.[5]

Hand signals

A diver giving the signal for cramping

Hand signals are a form of sign system used by divers to communicate when underwater. Hand signals are useful whenever divers can see each other, and some can also be used in poor visibility if in close proximity, when the recipient can feel the shape of the signaller's hand and thereby identify the signal being given. At night the signal can be illuminated by the diver's light. Hand signals are the primary method of underwater communication for recreational scuba divers, and are also in general use by professional divers, usually as a secondary method.[8][4][9]

Divers who are familiar with a sign language such as American sign language and equivalents may find it useful underwater, but there are limitations due to the difficulty of performing some of the gestures intelligibly underwater with gloved hands and often while trying to hold something.[10]

RSTC hand signals

Member agencies of the Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC) in the United States have recognised a standardised set of hand signals intended for universal use, which are taught to diving students early in their entry level diving courses.[3]

These hand signals provide the following information:[3]

Other commonly used hand signals and variations

Diving signals sometimes differ between groups of divers. Some variations include:

Divers sometimes invent local signals for local situations, often to point out local wildlife. For example:

Instructor signals:

Torch / flashlight signals

The focused beam of a torch can be used for basic signalling as well.[13]

Normally a diver does not shine a torch / flashlight in another diver's eyes but directs the beam to his or her own hand signal.[13]

Rope signals

These are generally used in conditions of low visibility where a diver is connected to another person, either another diver or a tender on the surface, by a rope. These date back to the time of the use of Standard diving dress. Some of these signals, or pre-arranged variants, can be used with a surface marker buoy. The diver pulls down on the buoy line to make the buoy bob in an equivalent pattern to the rope signal. Effective rope signals need a free line without much slack, Before attempting a rope signal, the slack must be taken up, and the line pulled firmly. Most signals are acknowledged by returning the same signal, which shows that it was received accurately. Persistent failure to acknowledge may indicate a serious problem and should be resolved as a matter of urgency. There are several systems in use, and it is necessary to have agreement between diver and tender before the dive.[15]

British Sub-Aqua Club

BS-AC have a very small set of rope signals. Most of them have the same meaning as the equivalent commercial or RN signal.[16]

Public Safety Divers

Public safety divers and many recreational divers use the following line signals while conducting circular and arc searches underwater.[17]

Tender to diver

Diver to tender

Commercial diving rope signals

Rope signals used in the UK[18] and South Africa[7] include the following:

Signals are combinations of pulls and bells, A pull is a relatively long steady tension on the line. Bells are always given in pairs, or pairs followed by the remaining odd bell. They are short tugs, and a pair is separated by a short interval, with a longer interval to the next pair or the single bell. The technique and nomenclature derive from the customary sounding of the ships bell every half-hour during the watches, which is also performed in pairs, with the odd bell last. One bell is not used as a diving signal as it is difficult to distinguish it from a jerk caused by temporarily snagging the line.[18]

Attendant to diver:

General signals:[18][7]

Direction signals:[18][7]

Diver to attendant:

General signals:[18][7]

Working signals:[18][7]

Royal Navy rope signals

All signals start with a pull to attract attention, and this must be acknowledged before the actual signal is made. RN signal include short, paired "bells" and longer "pulls". The RN signals are almost identical to the rope signals used by commercial divers in the UK and South Africa.[15]

US Navy line signals

The US Navy also has a standard set of line signals. These include general signals from diver to tender, search signals and emergency signals. The signal to change from general to search signals or vice versa is seven pulls, and the meaning of the signals may vary depending on whether it is given by the diver or the tender. Most signals are acknowledged by returning the same signal, confirming that the signal was received correctly.[8]

Slates

Written messages on plastic slates can be used to convey complex messages with a low risk of misunderstanding. Slates are available in various sizes and are usually hard white plastic with a matte finish, suitable for writing on with a pencil. They can be stored in various ways, but in a pocket or bungeed to the wrist are popular methods. Clipped to the diver by a lanyard is another method, but there is a greater risk of entanglement.[13] Slates may be used to record information to be used on the dive, such as decompression schedules, to discuss matters of importance for which hand signals are not sufficient, and to record data collected during the dive. Waterproof paper wet-notes are a compact equivalent, and pre-printed waterproof data-sheets and clip-board are routinely used by scientific divers for recording observations.[19]

Cave line markers

Line Arrow Marker
Line Arrow Marker
Arrow, cookie and rectangular line markers
Cave diving line markers (Arrow directional marker, personal non-directional "cookie" marker, and personal hybrid "referencing exit marker")securely attached to line

Cave arrows, Line arrows or Dorff markers (after Lewis Holtzendorff) are plastic arrowhead markers which are hooked onto a cave line by wrapping the line around the arrow through the slots. They are used to indicate the direction to the exit, and can be identified by feel. The message is simple, but of critical importance, as if a diver does not know which way to go at a line junction there is a risk of serious trouble. Line arrows are also used at a junction on the permanent line, and at a tie-off, so when the diver gets back to the tie-off, he or she can identify which way to turn.[20][21]

Non-directional and hybrid personal line markers are used to indicate the identity of a diver who has passed along the line and has not yet returned to that point. They are attached to the line in the same way as cave arrows, and are deployed on the way into the cave, usually at critical points such as forks or jumps, and are used to indicate to other divers that someone is further in along the line. They are marked to identify the diver, and are recovered by the diver on the way out. Cookies (round markers), Rectangular referencing exit markers and clothes pegs are used for this purpose. The round and rectangular markers are attached to the line in the same way as arrows, and may be personalised in any way that the owners can easily recognise. Colour is often used, but as there are a limited number of standard colours available, and they are often poorly distinguishable in the dark, modifications to shape may be used which can be recognised by touch.[20][21]

Arrows should always be placed on the outbound side of an intersection as this is unambiguous. Sometimes there is more than one exit from an intersection. Both should be marked with arrows, but the preferred exit can be marked with two arrows in series. The arrows always point in the direction along the line towards an exit.[13]

Tap codes

Emergency tap code signboard on a closed diving bell
A list of tap codes may be fixed to the interior and exterior of a closed bell to ensure mutually understandable communication.

Tap codes, made by knocking on the hull, are used to communicate with divers trapped in a sealed bell or the occupants of a submersible or submarine during a rescue.[22]

Miscellaneous emergency signals

A diver who has deployed a Delayed Surface Marker Buoy (DSMB) at the end of a dive may use a pre-arranged colour code to indicate if there is a problem. In some circles a yellow DSMB is considered an emergency signal, and red means OK. In most circles a second DSMB deployed on the same line will indicate a problem. A DSMB can also be used to carry up a slate with a message, but this is unlikely to be noticed unless a special arrangement has been made.

Diver down signals

Flags

Further information: Diver down flag

Light and shape signals

A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine-clearance operations, shall exhibit:[25]

  1. three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
  2. three Day shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;
  3. when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph 1;
  4. when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs 1 and 2, the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (1, 2 and 3 above) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction exists, exhibit:[25]

  1. two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;
  2. two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may pass;
  3. when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (above) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:[25]

  1. three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
  2. a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) in height. Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.

Surface marker buoys

Main article: Surface marker buoy

Permanently buoyant or inflatable surface marker buoys may be used to identify and/or mark the presence of a diver below. These may be moored, as a shotline, and indicate the general area with divers, or tethered to one of the divers by a line, indicating the location of the group to people at the surface. This type of buoy is usually brightly coloured for visibility, and may be fitted with one of the diving flag signals.[26][27][28]


A surface marker buoy (SMB) tethered to a diver is usually towed on a thin line attached to a reel, spool or other device which allows the diver to control the line length, so that excessive slack line can be avoided.[28]

A deployable, or delayed surface marker buoy (DSMB) is an inflatable marker which the diver inflates while underwater and sends up at the end of a line to indicate position, and usually either that he or she is ascending, or that there is a problem. The use of a DSMB is common when divers expect to do decompression stops away from a fixed reference, or will be surfacing in an area with boat traffic, or need to indicate their position to the dive boat or surface team.[26][28]

A group of moored surface marker buoys may be used to demarcate an area in which diving is taking place. This is more likely to be used by commercial, scientific or public service divers to cordon off a work or search area, or an accident or crime scene.[28]


Ultrasonic wearables

The Buddy-Watcher is a wrist mounted buddy alert device which sends an ultrasonic signal when a key is pressed, for at least 20m through the water to the matching unit on the dive buddy, which will produce a silent vibratory and visual signal alerting the diver that their buddy wants attention. There is no direct indication to the sender whether the signal has been received and no indication of distance or direction to the buddy. The device is waterproof to 40m, therefore is suited for recreational scuba diving use, but not technical diving.[29]

History

The original communication between diver and attendant was by pulls on the diver's lifeline.[30] Later a speaking tube system was tried, but it was not very successful.[31] A small number were made by Seibe-Gorman, but the telephone system was introduced soon after this and since it worked better and was safer, the speaking tube was soon obsolete, and most helmets which had them were returned to the factory and converted. In the early 20th century electrical telephone systems were developed which improved the quality of voice communication. These used wires incorporated into the lifeline or air line, and used either headsets worn inside the helmet or speakers mounted inside the helmet.[32] The microphone could be mounted in the front of the helmet or a contact throat-microphone could be used.[30] At first it was only possible for the diver to talk to the surface telephonist, but later double telephone systems were introduced which allowed two-divers to speak directly to each other, while being monitored by the attendant. Diver telephones were manufactured by Siebe-Gorman, Heinke, Rene Piel, Morse, Eriksson, Draeger and others.[30] This system was well-established by the mid-20th century, and has been technologically improved, but is still in common use for surface-supplied divers using lightweight demand helmets and full-face masks.[8][4]

More recently, through-water systems have been developed which do not use wires to transmit the signal. Manufacturers include Ocean Reef and Draeger. These allow communications over limited distances between divers and with the surface, using a push to talk system.[33]

References

  1. ↑ Agnew, J. (2003): Scuba Diver's Travel Companion, The Globe Pequot Press, Guilford, CT, ISBN 0-7627-2668-7
  2. ↑ "UDI Dive Computer Can Send Underwater Text Messages". Retrieved 2013-08-27
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Minimum Course Content for Common Hand Signals for Scuba Diving" (PDF). Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc. (RSTC) (Jacksonville, FL., USA). 1 December 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 6.2 Diver voice communications". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). 5 Nepean Close, Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire PO12 2BH: Submex Ltd. ISBN 978-0950824260.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Staff (February 2014). "IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving" (PDF). IMCA D 014 Rev. 2. International Marine Contractor's Association. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  6. ↑ The Diving Supervisor’s Manual, First edition, 2000. The International Marine Contractors Association, London. www.imca-int.com ISBN 1-903513-00-6
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hanekom, Paul; Truter, Pieter (2007). "Section 3: Scuba diving". Diver Training Handbook (3rd ed.). Cape Town: Research Diving Unit, University of Cape Town.
  8. 1 2 3 US Navy (2006). US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  9. ↑ Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 6.3 Diver hand signals". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). 5 Nepean Close, Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire PO12 2BH: Submex Ltd. ISBN 978-0950824260.
  10. ↑ Salter, Marilyn Burke (1982). "Use of American Sign Language for Underwater Communication". Thesis (Ph.D.). Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  11. 1 2 "Dive Links". Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Underwater Signals - UKDivers.net". Retrieved 2009-04-14.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Prosser, Joe; Grey, H.V. (1990). "Cave Diving Communications" (PDF). Branford, Florida: Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society, Inc. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Staff. "Underwater Signals". UKDivers.net. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  15. 1 2 Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 6.4 Diver rope signals". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). 5 Nepean Close, Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire PO12 2BH: Submex Ltd. p. 253. ISBN 978-0950824260.
  16. ↑ Busuttili, Mike; Holbrook, Mike; Ridley, Gordon; Todd, Mike, eds. (1985). "Signalling". Sport Diving: The British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual. Stanley Paul & Co Ltd. pp. 64 – 65. ISBN 0 09 163831 3.
  17. ↑ Staff (2016-01-01). "Ops Component Standards" (PDF). ERDI Standards and Procedures. ERDI. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Larn, R and Whistler, R. (1993): Commercial Diving Manual, David & Charles, Newton Abbott, ISBN 0-7153-0100-4
  19. ↑ Staff. "Survey Equipment" (PDF). Standardised survey procedures for monitoring rocky & coral reef ecological communities. Reef Life Survey. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  20. 1 2 Kieren, Lauren (2016). "Cave Diving: Directional and Non-directional Markers 101". tdisdi.com. SDI - TDI - ERDI. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  21. 1 2 Daniel Riordan, Awareness: Recipe For Successful Cave Navigation, DirQuest Vol. 3, No. 2 - Summer 2002, http://www.funteqdiving.nl/website/Downloads/grotduiken/Riordan%20-%20Cave%20Awareness%20Navigation.pdf
  22. ↑ Allyn, Richard (2011-11-04). "Submarine rescue drill off Point Loma". 760 Talk and breaking news. 760kfmb.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  23. ↑ "U.S. Navy Signal Flags". United States Navy. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  24. ↑ McMillan, Joseph (2001). "Maritime Warning Signals". Sea Flags. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 Staff (2004). "Rule 27". International Rules for Preventing Collision at Sea. Sailtrain.co.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  26. 1 2 Staff (2016). "Visual Surface Signaling Device Styles". Signaling devices. PADI. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  27. ↑ Parsons, Chris; Darwent, Alice (August 2012). "Ask an Expert: Should Surface Markers Be Mandatory When Diving?". Training. Scuba Diving. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Russell, Mark (2014). "Easy Diving - SMBs". Dive Magazine. Syon Publishing. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  29. ↑ Liebscher, Caren; Pellegrini, Cristian (October 2015). "Enhancing underwater communication - The Buddy Watcher". Alert Diver. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  30. 1 2 3 Staff (June 2014). "Method of communication between diver and surface". Divingherotage.com. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Staff. "John Player Cigarette Cards - Communications". Diving History. UKDivers.net. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  32. ↑ Staff (2016). "The Anthony and Yvonne Pardoe Collection of Diving Helmets and Equipment" (PDF). Auction catalogue for 15th June 2016. Exeter: Bearnes Hampton & Littlewood. pp. 39, 54. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Staff. "About Ocean Reef GSM G Divers Communication System, Yellow". Leisure-pro. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
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