Anidulafungin

Anidulafungin
Clinical data
Pronunciation ay-NID-ew-lə-FUN-jin
Trade names Eraxis, Ecalta
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of
administration		 Intravenous
ATC code J02AX06 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 100% (intravenous use only)
Protein binding Extensive (>99%)
Metabolism Hepatic metabolism not observed, CYP system not involved
Biological half-life 27 hours; 40–50 hours (terminal)
Excretion Feces (~30%), urine (<1%)
Identifiers
Synonyms (4R,5S)-4,5-Dihydroxy-N2-[[4''-(pentyloxy)-p-terphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl]-L-ornithyl-L-threonyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(S)-4-hydroxy-4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-L-threonyl-L-threonyl-(3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-L-proline cyclic (6→1)-peptide[1]
1-[(4R,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-N2-[[4''-(pentyloxy)[1',1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4-yl]carbonyl]-L-ornithine]echinocandin B[2]
CAS Number 166663-25-8 YesY
PubChem (CID) 166548
DrugBank DB00362 YesY
ChemSpider 21106258 YesY
UNII 9HLM53094I YesY
KEGG D03211 N
ChEBI CHEBI:55346 N
ChEMBL CHEMBL1630215 N
Chemical and physical data
Formula C58H73N7O17
Molar mass 1140.24 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Anidulafungin (INN),[1]:42 brand names Eraxis (in U.S. and Russia) and Ecalta (in Europe), is a semisynthetic echinocandin used as an antifungal drug. Anidulafungin was originally manufactured and submitted for FDA approval by Vicuron Pharmaceuticals.[3] Pfizer acquired the drug upon its acquisition of Vicuron in the fall of 2005.[4] Pfizer gained approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on February 21, 2006;[5] it was previously known as LY303366. Preliminary evidence indicates it has a similar safety profile to caspofungin. Anidulafungin has proven efficacy against esophageal candidiasis, but its main use will probably be in invasive Candida infection;[6][7][8] it may also have application in treating invasive Aspergillus infection. It is a member of the class of antifungal drugs known as the echinocandins; its mechanism of action is by inhibition of (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme important to the synthesis of the fungal cell wall.

Indications

Anidulafungin has not been studied in endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis due to Candida, and has not been studied in sufficient numbers of neutropenic patients to determine efficacy in this group.[2]

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Anidulafungin significantly differs from other antifungals in that it undergoes chemical degradation to inactive forms at body pH and temperature. Because it does not rely on enzymatic degradation or hepatic or renal excretion, the drug is safe to use in patients with any degree of hepatic or renal impairment.[9]

Volume of distribution: 30–50 L.

Anidulafungin is not evidently metabolized by the liver. This specific drug undergoes slow chemical hydrolysis to an open-ring peptide which lacks antifungal activity. The half-life of the drug is 27 hours. About 30% is excreted in the feces (10% as unchanged drug). Less than 1% is excreted in the urine.[10][11][12]

Mechanism of action

Anidulafungin inhibits glucan synthase, an enzyme important in the formation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan, a major fungal cell wall component. Glucan synthase is not present in mammalian cells, so it is an attractive target for antifungal activity.[13]

Semisynthesis

Anidulafungin is manufactured via semisynthesis. The starting material is echinocandin B (a lipopeptide fermentation product of Aspergillus nidulans or the closely related species, A. rugulosus), which undergoes deacylation (cleavage of the linoleoyl side chain) by the action of a deacylase enzyme from the bacterium Actinoplanes utahensis;[14] in three subsequent synthetic steps, including a chemical reacylation, the antifungal drug anidulafungin[13][15] is synthesized.

References

  1. 1 2 "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary names: List 43" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2000. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Eraxis (anidulafungin) for Injection, for Intravenous Use. Full Prescribing Information". Roerig (Division of Pfizer, Inc.), New York, NY 10017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  3. ↑ PRNewswire. Vicuron Pharmaceuticals Files New Drug Application (NDA) for Anidulafungin for Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis/Candidemia Archived May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 08-18-2005.
  4. ↑ PRNewswire. Vicuron Pharmaceuticals Stockholders Approve Merger With Pfizer Archived May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 08-15-2005
  5. ↑ "FDA Approves New Treatment for Fungal Infections". FDA News Release. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-02-21. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  6. ↑ Krause DS, Reinhardt J, Vazquez JA, Reboli A, Goldstein BP, Wible M, Henkel T (2004). "Phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging study evaluating the safety and efficacy of anidulafungin in invasive candidiasis and candidemia". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48 (6): 2021–4. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.6.2021-2024.2004. PMC 415613Freely accessible. PMID 15155194.
  7. ↑ Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ (2005). "In Vitro Activities of Anidulafungin against More than 2,500 Clinical Isolates of Candida spp., Including 315 Isolates Resistant to Fluconazole". J Clin Microbiol. 43 (11): 5425–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5425-5427.2005. PMC 1287823Freely accessible. PMID 16272464.
  8. ↑ Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Boyken L, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Goldstein BP (2005). "Effectiveness of anidulafungin in eradicating Candida species in invasive candidiasis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49 (11): 4795–7. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.11.4795-4797.2005. PMC 1280139Freely accessible. PMID 16251335.
  9. ↑ "Eraxis at RxList". 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
  10. ↑ Trissel LA and Ogundele AB, "Compatibility of Anidulafungin With Other Drugs During Simulated Y-Site Administration,"Am J Health-Sys Pharm, 2005, 62:834-7.
  11. ↑ Vazquez JA, "Anidulafungin: A New Echinocandin With a Novel Profile," Clin Ther, 2005, 27(6):657-73.
  12. ↑ Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al., "Treatment of Aspergillosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America," Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 46(3):327-60
  13. 1 2 Denning DW (1997). "Echinocandins and pneumocandins - a new antifungal class with a novel mode of action". J Antimicrob Chemother. 40 (5): 611–614. doi:10.1093/jac/dkf045. PMID 9421307.
  14. ↑ Lei Shao; Jian Li; Aijuan Liu; Qing Chang; Huimin Lin; Daijie Chen (2013). "Efficient Bioconversion of Echinocandin B to Its Nucleus by Overexpression of Deacylase Genes in Different Host Strains". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (4): 1126–1133. doi:10.1128/AEM.02792-12. PMC 3568618Freely accessible. PMID 23220968.
  15. ↑ "Anidulafungin EMA Europa" (PDF).
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