320s

Events

Contents: 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329

320

By place

Roman Empire

• Crispus, eldest son of Constantine I, leads a victorious campaign against the Franks, assuring twenty years of peace along the Rhine frontier. He establishes his residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), capital of Germania.
• Licinius reneges on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan, and begins a new persecution of Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. He imprisons Christians, confiscates their properties and destroys churches.

Asia

• King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India.
• Zhang Shi (張寔), Zhang Duke of Xiping and governor of Liang Province, (涼州)is assassinated by Yan She (閻涉) and Zhao Ang (趙卬) and replaced by Zhang Mao (張茂), commonly accepted first ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang.

By topic

Art

• Construction begins on the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome (approximate date).

Culture and Religion

• In Nydam Mose (Denmark), the Nydam oak boat is sacrificed by the Danes (The boat is excavated in the 1830s, when a local farmer finds weapons including swords and spears).
• December 25 is introduced as the birthday of Jesus.

Science

• October 18 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the sun and writes a commentary on The Great Astronomer (Almagest).

321

By topic

Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads an expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians.
• March 7 - Constantine I signs legislation directing urban residents to refrain from work, and businesses to be closed, on the "venerable day of the Sun". An exception is made for agriculture.

Asia

• Tuoba Heru launches a coup d'état against his cousin Tuoba Yulü, and becomes the new Prince of Dai.

By topic

Arts and sciences

• Calcidius translates Plato into Latin.

Food and drink

• Constantine I assigns convicts to grind Rome's flour, in a move to hold back the rising price of food in an empire whose population has shrunk as a result of plague (see 309 AD).

Religion

• The Roman Catholic Church is allowed to hold property.
• A synod in Alexandria condemns Arianism.

322

By topic

Technology

• The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups is found in China in a Jin Dynasty tomb (China).

323

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine the Great defeats the invading Goths and Sarmatians north of the Danube in Dacia, and claims the title of Sarmaticus Maximus.

China

• Crown Prince Jin Mingdi succeeds Jin Yuandi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

By topic

Religion

• The poetic work Banquet (Thalia) by the Libyan-born Egyptian Christian priest Arius, age 73, expresses the doctrine that Jesus of Nazareth was not of the same substance as God but rather had a finite nature. As ascetic he leads a Christian community near Alexandria and comes under suspicion of heresy. Arius writes to his former schoolmate Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, asking for support. Eusebius writes to other bishops, and when Arius is condemned in September Eusebius gives him safe haven and sponsors a synod at Bithynia in October which nullifies Arius's excommunication (see Council of Nicaea, 325 AD).

324

By place

Roman Empire

• July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. He invades Thrace with a Visgothic force and raids the countryside. This sees Constantine ruling as sole Emperor.
• July – Battle of the Hellespont: Crispus destroys Licinius' naval fleet in the Dardanelles, allowing his father Constantine the ability to cross over the Bosphorus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembles a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern Lapseki).
• September 18 – Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I definitively defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, and becomes sole Emperor, thus ending the period of the Tetrarchy. Licinius escapes and gathers around 30,000 of his surviving troops at Nicomedia.
• December 19 – Licinius abdicates his position as Emperor. He is pardoned by Constantine I as a result of the supplication of his wife Constantia (who is Constantine's halfsister), and banished to Thessalonica as a private citizen.

325

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube frontier by defeating the Goths, the Vandals, and the Sarmatians.
• Licinius is executed in Thessalonica, on charge of conspiring and raising troops against Constantine I.
• Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire.
• The First Council of Nicaea is held.

China

• April 1 – Crown Prince Jin Chengdi, age 4, succeeds his father Jin Mingdi as emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty. During his reign he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials.

By topic

Art

• Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is started to be made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.

Religion

• May 20 – First Council of Nicaea: Constantine I summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames.
• The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem.

326

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine the Great travels to Rome to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his accession to power, but while en route at Pola he orders his older son, Crispus Caesar, to be executed, possibly on charges of adultery. Fausta, second wife of Constantine I, is also executed by being suffocated in a hot bath.
• Constantine I founds Constantinople and incorporates Byzantium into the new capital. He reorganises the Roman army in smaller units classified into three grades: palatini, (imperial escort armies); comitatenses, (forces based in frontier provinces) and limitanei (auxilia border troops).
• Constantine I promulgates laws against the prostitution of maidservants, and for the humanization of prisons.

By topic

Art

• Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is finished. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.

Religion

• September 14 (traditional date) – Helena, mother of Constantine I, discovers the so-called True Cross and the Holy Sepulchre (Jesus's tomb) in Jerusalem. On her pilgrimage, she pauses on the Aegean island of Patros, where she is said to found the church of Panagia Ekatontapiliani.
• Helena tells Constantine that he must atone for executing his son and wife by building churches, and at about this date construction begins on Old St. Peter's Basilica, the first church on the traditional site of Saint Peter's tomb in Rome, and on the basilica of Golgotha on Calvary outside Jerusalem.
• Probable date – Christianity is introduced to the Kingdom of Iberia (modern-day Georgia) by Saint Nino.

327

By place

Roman Empire

• Emperor Constantine the Great decrees that rural slaves can only be sold in the province where they reside, in order to resolve the shortage of labour in the Roman Empire.

By topic

Religion

• Construction begins on the cathedral of Antioch (Syria).
• Approximate traditional date – Helena, mother of Constantine, returning from her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, founds Stavrovouni Monastery on Cyprus.

328

By place

Roman Empire

• July 5 – Constantine's Bridge, built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria), is officially opened by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.

By topic

Religion

• May 9 – Alexandria's patriarch Bishop Alexander dies and is succeeded by his deacon Athanasius.

329

By place

China

• The Han Zhao dynasty, a Southern Xiongnu state during the Sixteen Kingdoms, ends.

By topic

Religion

• Roman restrictions on joining the clergy are initiated.

Significant people

• Constantine I

Births

• Flavius Valentinianus, better known as Valentinian I. Born in 321, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
• Flavius Iulius Constans, better known as Constans. Born c. 323, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
• Flavius Iulius Valens, better known as Valens. Born in 328, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
• Aurelius Victor, Roman politician and historian.

Deaths

• Licinius, Roman emperor. Died in 325, executed. He had been deposed following his defeat in the Battle of Chrysopolis (324), and was later accused of conspiring to regain his throne.
• Martinian, Roman emperor. Died in 325, executed. He has been deposed following the Battle of Chrysopolis (324).

References