Japantown

Japantown (日本人街, Nihonjin-gai) is a common name for official Japanese communities in cities and towns outside Japan. Alternatively, a Japantown may be called J-town, Little Tokyo or Nihonmachi (日本町), the first two being common names for the Japanese communities in San Francisco, San Jose and Los Angeles, respectively.

For historical Japanese communities in early modern Southeast and East Asia, see Nihonmachi.
Japantown
Liberdade in São Paulo, Brazil, the most populous Japantown in the world
Japanese name
Kanji日本人街
Kanaにほんじんがい

History
See also: Japanese diaspora

Historically, Japantowns represented the Japanese diaspora and its individual members known as nikkei (日系), who are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Emigration from Japan first happened and was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines,[1] but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese began to go to the Philippines,[2] North America, and beginning in 1897 with 35 emigrants to Mexico;[3] and later to Peru, beginning in 1899 with 790 emigrants.[4] There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[5]

For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities, known as Nihonmachi, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.

The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the Sengoku period caused a great many people, primarily samurai, commoner merchants, and Christian refugees to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts; some were rōnin, some veterans of the Japanese invasions of Korea or of various other major conflicts. As Toyotomi Hideyoshi and later the Tokugawa shōguns issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country; a significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila.[6]

In western countries such as Canada and the United States, the Japanese tended to integrate with society so that many if not all Japantowns are in danger of completely disappearing, with the remaining only existing in San Francisco and San Jose, California.[7]

Characteristics

The features described below are characteristic of many modern Japantowns.

Japanese architectural styles
Main article: Japanese architecture
The five-tiered Peace Pagoda made of concrete in San Francisco.

Many historical Japantowns will exhibit architectural styles that reflect the Japanese culture. Japanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology.

The Japanese Village Plaza in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo.

Japanese language
Main articles: Japanese language and Japanese dialects

Many Japantowns will exhibit the use of the Japanese language in signage existing on road signs and on buildings as Japanese is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD.

Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also common.

Locations
Japanese diaspora
日系人
Total population
About 3,600,000[8]
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil1,600,000[9][10][11]
 United States1,404,286[12]
 China127,282[13]note
 Philippines120,000[14][15]
 Canada109,740[16]
 Peru103,949[17]
 Germany70,000[18]
 Argentina65,000[19][20]
 United Kingdom63,011[21]
 South Korea58,169[22]note
 Australia54,830[23]
 Thailand67,424[24]
 Mexico35,000[25]
 France30,947[13]note
 Singapore27,525[26]
 Hong Kong27,429[27]
 Malaysia22,000[28]
 Micronesia20,000[29]
 Indonesia14,720[30]
 New Zealand14,118[31]
 Bolivia14,000[32]
 India8,398[33][34]
 New Caledonia8,000[35]
 Italy7,556[36]note
 Paraguay7,000[37]
 Belgium6,519
 Marshall Islands6,000[38]
 Sweden5,235
 Palau5,000[39]
 Macau4,200[40]
  Switzerland4,071[13]note
 Uruguay3,456[41]note
 Colombia3,000[42]note
 Chile2,600
 Russian Federation1,700
 Pakistan1,500
 Qatar1,000[43]
Related ethnic groups
Ryukyuan diaspora
^ note: The population of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown. Only the number of the permanent residents with Japanese nationality is shown, except for the United States, where ancestral origin is recorded independent of nationality.

Americas

Japantowns were created because of the widespread immigration of Japanese to America in the Meiji period (1868–1912). At that time, many Japanese were poor and sought economic opportunities in the United States. Japanese immigrants initially settled in Western parts of the US and Canada.

At one time, there were 43 different Japantowns in California,[44] ranging from several square blocks of Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, to one in the small farming community of Marysville in Yuba County. Besides typical businesses, these communities usually had Japanese language schools for the immigrants' children, Japanese language newspapers, Buddhist and Christian churches, and sometimes Japanese hospitals.[45] After the World War II internment of the Japanese, most of those communities declined significantly or disappeared altogether.

There are currently four recognized Japantowns left in the United States, which are facing issues such as commercialization, reconstruction, gentrification and dwindling Japanese populations.[46]

Argentina
  • Colonia Urquiza is the Japanese district in La Plata, Argentina. Colonia Urquiza is the largest Japanese district in Argentina, and concentrates many institutions such as schools, restaurants and training centers.[47]

Brazil

Canada
Kids at play in 1927 in Japantown, Vancouver

Some municipalities with Japanese populations higher than the national average (0.3%) include:

Mexico
  • Little Tokyo, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City

Peru

United States
Looking across Post Street north on Buchanan Street in San Francisco's Japantown.
Concentrated and historical Japanese populations in the United States

Northern California: In addition to Japantown districts in San Francisco and San Jose, suburbs and neighborhoods with significant Japanese American populations and/or histories include:

Southern California:

Pacific Islands:

Elsewhere in western U.S.

Sakura Square, Denver, Colorado

Eastern U.S.:

China
  • Gubei, Shanghai, a residential area which has many expatriates from Japan. It is informally referred to as a "Little Tokyo." There is a Takashimaya department store in Gubei.[52]

India

Malaysia

In the late 2000s, Malaysia began to become a popular destination for Japanese retirees. Malaysia My Second Home retirement programme received 513 Japanese applicants from 2002 until 2006. Motivations for choosing Malaysia include the low cost of real-estate and of hiring home care workers. Such retirees sometimes refer to themselves ironically as economic migrants or even economic refugees, referring to the fact that they could not afford as high a quality of life in retirement, or indeed to retire at all, were they still living in Japan.

Philippines

Singapore

South Korea

Taiwan

Vietnam
Indonesia
  • Parts of Jakarta's shopping district of Blok M has been developed into the formation of Japanese-oriented facilities, including clusters of restaurants, spas, and cafés; earning the nickname "Little Tokyo", as it is also coupled with the high density of Japanese expats living around the area. [55]
Pakistan
  • There is an active Japanese presence (including multinational companies and expatriates) in industrial areas of Karachi, such as Port Qasim. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were over 2,000 Japanese living in Karachi, making them one of the significant expatriate communities in the country. Now, the community has shrunk to a few hundred.[56] There is also a Karachi Japanese School.[57]
Thailand
  • In Bangkok a Japanese population lives in and around Sukhumvit Road, and Phrompong. Many of the apartment complexes are rented solely to Japanese people (although they are owned by Thais), and there are Japanese grocery shops, restaurants, bars, dry cleaning, clubs, etc. in and around Phrompong.
  • In Si Racha a Japanese population lives in and around the city center as the second largest Japanese community outside Bangkok.
  • In Chiangmai a Japanese population lives around the city center as the popular place for Japanese retirees with good weather and less crowded city.
  • In Ayutthaya a growing number of Japanese population returns and lives in and around Rojana Road close to many Japanese companies, the city also well known place of the first Japanese quarter in Thailand dated back to 16th century.

Germany

United Kingdom

France

Spain
  • Since the late 1970s-early 1980s many Japanese companies chose Catalonia, Spain, for their industrial branches in Europe. The largest Japanese community is located in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, especially Sant Cugat and Gavà. Increasing numbers of Japanese citizens unrelated with Japanese companies have chosen Central Barcelona for their residence and professional activities, following a great wave of tourists that started in the mid-1980s after a Suntory Whisky TV commercial shot in various Gaudinian locations.

The Netherlands

Australia
  • Little Tokyo, Adelaide
  • Japantown, Darwin
  • Artarmon, Sydney has a small Japantown by the railway station, containing Japanese restaurants, Japanese grocery stores and a Japanese bookshop. Nearby suburbs such as Northbridge and St Leonards also have a number of Japanese businesses. - this city also has a Chinatown
  • Gold Coast, Australia has a big Japanese population which is still rising. - this city also has a Chinatown

See also

References
  1. Kekai Manansala, Paul. "Philippine Civilization, Culture and Technology".
  2. Shiraishi, Saya; Shiraishi, Takashi, eds. (1993). The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia. Cornell Southeast Asia Program. p. 157. ISBN 9780877274025.
  3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Japan: Japan-Mexico relations
  4. Palm, Hugo. "Desafíos que nos acercan," Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine El Comercio (Lima, Peru). March 12, 2008.
  5. Azuma, Eiichiro (2005). "Brief Historical Overview of Japanese Emigration". International Nikkei Research Project. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  6. Wray. p8.
  7. "SF Japantown's Last Hurrah". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  10. "Centenário da Imigração Japonesa - Reportagens - Nipo-brasileiros estão mais presentes no Norte e no Centro-Oeste do Brasil". japao100.com.br. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  11. "ブラジル基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  12. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12.
  13. "Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas" (PDF). Mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. Agnote, Dario (October 11, 2006). "A glimmer of hope for castoffs". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  15. Ohno, Shun (2006). "The Intermarried issei and mestizo nisei in the Philippines". In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.). Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-135-98723-7.
  16. "File not found - Fichier non trouvé". statcan.gc.ca.
  17. "Japan-Peru Relations". mofa.go.jp. 2012-11-27. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  18. "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". Bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  19. "Japan-Argentine Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  20. "Argentina inicia una nueva etapa en su relación con Japón". Telam.com.ar. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  21. Itoh, p. 7.
  22. "통계 - 국내 체류외국인 140만명으로 다문화사회 진입 가속화". dmcnews.kr. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016.
  23. "3412.0 - Migration, Australia, 2013-14". abs.gov.au.
  24. "MOFA 2016 タイ王国". mofa.go.jp. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  25. Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Revista Convergencia (in Spanish). Toluca, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 12 (38): 201. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  26. "MOFA Japan". 3 December 2014.
  27. "海外在留邦人数調査統計（平成２８年要約版）" [Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (Heisei 28 Summary Edition)] (PDF) (in Japanese). October 1, 2015. p. 32. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  28. "マレーシア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  29. "Letter from the Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia" (PDF). Mra.fm. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  30. "インドネシア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  31. "5. – Japanese – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz.
  32. "ボリビア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  33. "海外在留邦人数調査統計（平成２８年要約版）" [Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (Heisei 28 Summary Edition)] (PDF) (in Japanese). October 1, 2015. p. 30. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  34. See also Japanese people in India
  35. "Tourism New Caledonia - Prepare your trip in New Caledonia" (PDF). newcaledonia.co.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008.
  36. "外務省: ご案内- ご利用のページが見つかりません" (PDF). mofa.go.jp.
  37. "Japan-Paraguay Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  38. Rachel Pritchett. "Pacific Islands President, Bainbridge Lawmakers Find Common Ground". BSUN. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  39. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. "Macau Population Census". Census Bureau of Macau. May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  41. "ウルグアイ基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  42. "コロンビア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  43. "Qatar's population - by nationality". bq Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014.
  44. Donna Graves; Gail Dubrow. "Preserving California's Japantowns". Preserving California's Japantowns. Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  45. "A History of Japanese Americans in California: HISTORIC SITES". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2011-01-04. Retrieved August 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  46. Kori-Kai Yoshida (2006-06-24). "Community Leaders Discuss State of California's J-Towns". Nichi Bei Times, reprinted at Rafu Shimpo Online. Los Angeles News Publishing Co. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved August 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  47. http://sur.infonews.com/notas/la-pequena-japon-argenta Archived 2014-01-07 at the Wayback Machine La pequeña japon argenta
  48. https://www.thestar.com/amp/life/2016/05/11/japanese-influence-is-seeping-into-downtown-toronto.html
  49. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2014-04-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/japantown_portland_nihonmachi_/#.VY8bv-s-Bz8
  51. Elaine Jarvik (2007-01-22). "Salt Lake street may honor Japantown". Deseret News archives. Deseret News Publishing Company. Retrieved April 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  52. 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：虹桥镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  53. 2011年按區議會分區、國籍及在港居住年期劃分的人口 (A208)
  54. 香港淺草　日本人愛紅磡　下町飲食街
  55. Blok M: Jakarta's Little Tokyo
  56. Karachi: Enclave for Japanese investors at Port Qasim
  57. Karachi Japanese School
  58. "Born abroad - an immigration map of Britain: Japan". BBC News.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.