Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States

The fleet of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States, with over 5 million units sold through December 2019,[1] is the second largest in the world after Japan (7.51 million by March 2018).[2] American sales of hybrid electric vehicles represented about 36% of the global stock of hybrids sold worldwide through April 2016.[3]

Comparison of annual sales of passenger hybrid electric and plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S. through 2019.[1]

Sales of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. began to decline following the financial crisis of 2007–08, and after a short recovery, reached its peak in 2013 with a historical market share of 3.19%, but began to decline again in 2014 due to low gasoline prices and increased sales of plug-in electric cars.[4][5][3] The market share slightly recovered in 2019 to 2.4%.[1] Since their inception in 1999, a total of 5,374,000 hybrid electric automobiles and sport utility vehicles have been sold in the country through 2019.[1]

The top selling hybrid electric vehicle in the country is the conventional Toyota Prius, which has sold 1,643,000 units since 2000 through April 2016, representing a 40.8% market share of all hybrids sold in the U.S. since 1999.[3] Cumulative sales of the Prius nameplate totaled 1,932,805 units delivered through April 2016, representing a 48.0% market share of total hybrid sales in the U.S.[6][7][8][4][5][9][10]

California has been the state leading hybrid sales in the U.S.,[11][12][13] followed by New York and Florida.[11] In terms of new hybrids sold per capita, the District of Columbia was the leader.[11] From January to July 2013, the three cities with the highest electric drive car registrations, including hybrids, all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, were all located in California: Atherton (19.4%) and Los Altos (16.1%) in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica (15.0%), located in Los Angeles County.[14][15]

Purchases from the Obama administration occurring for 25% of Ford and General Motors hybrid-electric vehicles sold between January 2009 and late 2010. During this period hybrids accounted for about 10% of the 145,473 vehicles bought by the U.S. General Services Administration.[16]

Markets and sales

HEV market share of new car sales in the U.S. between 1999 and 2019.[6][7][8][4][5][10][17][1]

The market of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States is the second largest in the world after Japan[3] with cumulative sales of 5.4 million units through December 2019.[1] American sales of hybrid electric vehicles represented about 36% of the stock of hybrids sold worldwide through April 2016.[3] Cumulative hybrid car sales in the American market passed the 1 million milestone in 2007, the 2 million mark in May 2011,[18] the 3 million milestone in October 2013,[19] and 4 million in April 2016, allowing the U.S. to rank as the world's second largest hybrid market after Japan.[3]

Sales of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. began to decline following the financial crisis of 2007–08, and after a short recovery, began to decline again in 2014 due to low gasoline prices, and had a small rebound in 2019.[3][5][1] Hybrid sales in the American market achieved its highest market share ever in 2013, capturing 3.19% of new carsales that year.[5][3] At the end of 2015 the hybrid take rate had fallen to 2.21%, dropped to 1.99% in 2016, slightly recovered to 2.4% in 2019.[3][9][1]

A total of 5,374,000 hybrid electric automobiles and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) have been sold in the country through December 2019.[1] Sales are led by the Toyota Prius, which passed the 1 million mark in April 2011,[20] and has sold 1,643,000 units since 2000 through April 2016, representing a 40.8% market share of all hybrids sold in the U.S. since their inception in 1999.[3] The Toyota Prius family is the market leader with 1,932,805 units sold through April 2016, representing a 48.0% market share of total hybrid sales in the U.S.[6][7][8][4][5][9][10] Out of the 9.0145 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota Motor Company through April 2016, the United States accounted for 44.7% of TMC global hybrid sales.[3][21]

The Toyota Prius is the top selling hybrid car in the U.S., with more than 1.6 million units sold since 2000 thru April 2016.[3][21]

Sales of Prius family vehicles in California represented 26% of all Prius purchases in the U.S. during 2012. With 60,688 units sold during this year, the Prius became the best selling nameplate in California, ahead of the previous leader, the Honda Civic (57,124 units) and the third ranked, the Toyota Camry (50,250 units).[22] Again in 2013, the Prius nameplate was the best selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold in the state, ahead of the Honda Civic (66,982) and the Honda Accord (63,194).[23][24] Nationwide, the best selling vehicle in 2013 was the Ford F-Series pickup, which has been the best selling vehicle for more than three decades.[25]

Historical trend of U.S. cumulative HEV sales from 1999 to 2014.[6][7][8][4][5]

As of April 2016, sales of the conventional Prius are followed by the Toyota Camry Hybrid, with 345,640 units sold since 2006, the Honda Civic Hybrid, with cumulative sales of 234,610 vehicles since 2002, the Ford Fusion Hybrid with 166,341 units since 2009, and the Toyota Prius c with 165,075 units since 2012.[3] Among the hybrids built by American manufacturers, the siblings Lincoln MKZ/Mercury Milan/Fusion Hybrids rank first, with combined sales of 200,899 units since 2009 through 2015, followed by the Ford Escape Hybrid and its sibling the Mercury Mariner Hybrid with combined sales of 130,803 vehicles between 2004 and 2012, when the hybrid lineup was discontinued. Ranking next is the Ford C-Max Hybrid, with 72,330 units sold since 2012 through 2015, and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid with 38,204 units since 2008.[6][7][8][4][5][10]

2012

A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012, and the hybrid market share of total new car sales in the country was 3.0%, up from 2.1% in 2011.[8] The top five selling hybrids during 2012 were the Toyota Prius liftback (147,503), the second generation Camry Hybrid (45,626), Prius v (1,669), Prius c (35,733), and the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid (20,754).[8] Toyota sold 223,905 Priuses among the various HEV family members in the U.S. in 2012, representing together a market share of 51.5% of all hybrid sold in the country that year.[8]

2013

During 2013 hybrid sales totaled 495,685 units, up 14.1% from 2012 and representing a market share of 3.19% of new car sales.[4] The top five selling hybrids during this period were the conventional Prius (145,172), second generation Camry Hybrid (44,448), Prius c (41,979), second generation Fusion Hybrid (37,270), and the Prius v (34,989).[4] Combined Prius family vehicles reached 222,140 units representing a market share of 44.8%, down from 51.5% in the year 2012,[8][4] while Ford Motor Company increased its market share of the conventional hybrid market from 7.5% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2013.[4][26]

Market share of U.S. top 10 selling HEV
models in 2014.[5]

Ford experienced record sales of its hybrids models in the U.S. during 2013, with 72,795 units sold, almost triple the 2012 total.[4][27] During the second quarter of 2013 Ford achieved its best hybrid sales quarter ever, up 517% over the same quarter of 2012.[28] In 2013 Toyota’s hybrid market share in the U.S. declined from 2012 totals due to new competition, particularly from Ford with the arrival of new products such as the C-Max Hybrid and the new styling of the Fusion. Except for the Prius c, sales of the other models of the Prius family and the Camry Hybrid suffered a decline from 2012, while the Fusion Hybrid experienced a 164.3% increased from 2012, and C-Max Hybrid sales climbed 156.6%.[4]

2014

Hybrid sales totaled 452,152 units, down 8.8% from the previous year. The hybrid market share was 2.75% of new car sales, down from 3.19% in 2013, and the lowest since 2011. The best selling Prius Liftback was down 15.4% from 2013, driving the decline in sales of the segment.[5] The top five selling hybrids in 2014 were the conventional Prius (122,776), Prius c (40,570), second generation Camry Hybrid (39,515), second generation Fusion Hybrid (35,405), and the Prius v (30,762), all down from the previous year.[5] Combined Prius family vehicles reached 194,108 units representing a market share of 42.9%, down from 44.8% the previous year.[4][5] Some of the few models with a significant growth in their year-to-year sales were the second generation Honda Accord, Infinti Q50 Hybrid, Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid, and the Chevrolet Impala eAssist.[5]

Geographical distribution

Historical evolution of the market share of sales of hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in electric cars in California (2011-2019).

California has been the state leading hybrid sales in the U.S. with 55,553 vehicles sold in 2009,[11] 74,932 in 2008,[12] and 91,417 in 2007.[13] In 2009 it was followed by New York (15,438) and Florida (14,949).[11] In terms of new hybrids sold per capita, the District of Columbia was the leader in 2009 with 3.79 hybrids per 1000 residents, followed by California (1.54) and Washington (1.53).[11] The top 5 U. S. metropolitan area markets for sales of hybrid electric vehicles in 2009 were Los Angeles (26,677), New York (21,193), San Francisco (15,799), Washington, D.C. (11,595), and Chicago (8,990).[11] From January to July 2013, the three cities with the highest electric drive car registrations, including hybrids, all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, were all located in California: Atherton (19.4%) and Los Altos (16.1%) in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica (15.0%), located in Los Angeles County.[29][30]

The top 5 U. S. metropolitan area markets for sales of hybrid electric vehicles in 2009 were Los Angeles (26,677), New York (21,193), San Francisco (15,799), Washington, D.C. (11,595), and Chicago (8,990).[11] The following table summarizes the top metropolitan area markets in terms of new hybrids sold per capita.

Top U.S. metropolitan markets for
hybrid electric vehicles in 2008-2009[11][31]
Rank
2009
Metropolitan
Area
New registered
hybrids
per 1000
households
(2009)
Rank
2008
Metropolitan
Area
New registered
hybrids
per 1000
households
(2008)
1Portland, OR8.81Portland, OR12.17
2Helena, MT6.72San Francisco, CA8.84
3San Francisco, CA6.73Monterey, CA7.16
4Washington, DC5.14Santa Barbara, CA6.94
5Los Angeles, CA4.85San Diego, CA6.57
6San Diego, CA4.76Los Angeles, CA6.08
7Seattle, WA4.77Charlottesville, VA5.42
8Juneau, AK4.68Seattle, WA4.90
9Santa Barbara, CA4.49Washington, DC4.85
10Monterey, CA4.310Sacramento, CA4.85
U.S. metropolitan area
average
1.8U.S. metropolitan area
average
2.18

Considering hybrid sales between January 2010 through September 2011, the top selling metropolitan region was the San Francisco Bay Area, with 8.4% of all new cars sold during that period, followed by Monterey-Salinas with 6.9%, and Eugene, Oregon, with 6.1%. The following seven top selling markets are also on the West Coast, including Seattle-Tacoma and Los Angeles with 5.7%, San Diego with 5.6%, and Portland with 5.4%. The Washington D.C. Metro Area, with 4.2%, is the next best selling region out of the West Coast.[32]

Historical sales by model (1999-2014)

The following table presents historical hybrid sales figures by vehicle model in the United States since 1999 through December 30, 2014, in order of total historical sales from 1999 to 2014.[6][7][4][5] Family of vehicles sharing nameplate/marque (i.e. Toyota Prius) or exactly the same powertrain (i.e. Ford Fusion Hybrid and Lincoln MKZ Hybrid) are grouped together.

Annual hybrid electric vehicle sales in the United States by model
between 1999 and 2014
Vehicle 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
1999-2014
Toyota Prius
Prius c
Prius v
5,56215,55620,11924,60053,991107,897106,971181,221158,574139,682140,928136,463(2)147,503145,172122,7761,498,616
35,73341,97940,570118,282
40,66934,98930,762114,819
223,905222,140194,1081,731,717
Toyota Camry31,34154,47746,27222,88714,5879,24145,65644,44839,515308,424
Honda Civic13,70021,80025,57125,86431,25132,57531,29715,1197,3364,7037,1567,7195,070229,161
Ford Fusion
Lincoln MKZ
Mercury Milan
15,554
0
1,468
20,816
1,192
1,416
11,286
5,739
0
14,100
6,067
0
37,270
7,469
0
35,405
10,033
0
134,431
30,500
2,884
17,02223,42417,02520,16744,73945,438167,815
Lexus RX400h/450h20,67420,16117,29115,20014,46415,11910,72312,22311,3079,351146,513
Ford Escape
Mercury Mariner
2,993
0
18,797
998
20,149
3,174
21,386
3,722
17,173
2,329
14,787
1,693
11,182
890
10,089
0
1,441
0
0
0
0
0
117,997
12,806
2,99319,79523,32325,10819,50216,48012,07210,0891,44100130,803
Toyota Highlander17,98931,48522,05219,44111,0867,4564,5495,2915,0703,621128,040
Hyundai Sonata
Kia Optima
19,672(2)20,75421,76121,05283,240
10,08413,91913,77637,779
30,83835,68034,828121,019
Honda Insight173,7884,7262,2161,2005836667220020,57220,96215,5495,8464,8023,96585,614
Lexus CT 200h14,38117,67115,07117,67364,796
Ford C-Max Hybrid10,93528,05619,16258,153
Honda Accord1,06116,8265,5983,405196000097913,97742,042
Chevrolet Malibu2,0934,1624052416,66413,7791,01838,145
Nissan Altima8,3888,8199,3576,7103,2361030036,613
Lexus ES 300h7,04116,56214,83738,440
Toyota Avalon74716,46817,04834,263
Honda CR-Z5,24911,3304,1924,5503,56228,883
Buick LaCrosse eAssist1,80112,0107,1337,35328,297
Lexus HS 250h6,69910,6632,8646495020,880
Chevy Tahoe
GMC Yukon
3,745
1,610
3,300
1,933
1,426
1,221
519
598
533
560
376
288
65
31
9,964
6,241
5,3555,2332,6471,1171,0936649616,205
Saturn Vue4,4032,9202,65650000010,029
Subaru XV Crosstrek Hybrid7,9267,926
Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid1625,6551,9397,756
Lexus GS 450h1,7841,6456784693052826075221836,475
Chevrolet Silverado
GMC Sierra
1,598
0
2,393
0
1,165
0
469
471
104
65
5,729
536
940169306,295
Cadillac Escalade8011,9581,210819708372415,909
Buick Regal eAssist1232,6542,8936626,332
Porsche Cayenne2061,5711,1806156504,222
Infiniti Q503073,4563,763
Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid3342,4802,814
Acura ILX9721,4613792,812
Lexus LS600hL9379072581298454115652,549
Infiniti QX60 Hybrid6761,6782,354
Infiniti M35h/Q703786914751801,724
Saturn Aura7722855275400001,638
BMW ActiveHybrid 34029051511,458
Audi Q5 Hybrid2708542831,407
Mercedes-Benz S40080130912164101,305
Mazda Tribute57048490001,144
BMW ActiveHybrid 54045201121,036
Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid39025011830788
Porsche Panamera S525701640786
BMW ActiveHybrid 71023382313145747
Mercedes-Benz ML4506271201120679
Chevrolet Impala eAssist56565621
Mercedes-Benz E400 Hybrid282158440
Lexus NX Hybrid354354
BMW ActiveHybrid X620543400252
Acura RLX Hybrid133133
Chrysler Aspen46330000079
Dodge Durango9000009
All hybrids sold179,35020,28236,03547,60084,199209,711252,636352,274312,386290,271274,210268,752434,498495,771452,1523,540,199
New car sales
(millions)[4][5][33][34]
16.04315.86914.64615.06714.75415.01214.96614.26413.81913.19510.40211.58912.73414.44215.53116.435228.766
Hybrid market share0.0001%0.06%0.14%0.24%0.32%0.56%1.40%1.77%2.55%2.37%2.79%2.37%2.11%3.01%3.19%2.75%1.55%
Notes: (1) Sources: 2011, 2012 and 2013 HybridCars.com,[7][8][4] all other figures from Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE).[6]
(2) For 2011 Toyota reported consolidated figures for the Prius family, therefore during 2011, sales of the Toyota Prius v, which began sales by mid October 2011, were reported together with the conventional Prius liftback. The figure breaks down in 128,064 conventional Prius and 8,399 Prius v. During 2011, sales of the Kia Optima Hybrid were reported together with the Hyundai Sonata.[7][8]

Economical and environmental performance comparison

2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid
Economic and environmental performance comparison
among hybrid models sold in the U.S. (models 2009-2016)[35][36]
VehicleYear
model
EPA
City
mileage
(mpg)
EPA
Highway
mileage
(mpg)
Tailpipe
emissions
(grams per
mile CO2)
EPA
Air Pollution
Score
(1)
Annual
Petroleum
Use
(barrel)
Ford Explorer Hybrid [37] 2020 27 29 322 6/10 11.8
Ford Escape Hybrid (4th gen)[38] 2020 44 37 224 9/10 8.2
Toyota Prius Eco (4th gen)[39]201658531587/8*6.6
Toyota Prius (4th gen)[39]2016545017010*5.9
Toyota Prius c2012/16534617810*6.3
Toyota Prius (3rd gen)2010/1551481788/9*6.6
Honda Accord (2nd gen)2014/155045188NA7.0
Toyota Prius (2nd gen)200948451938/9*7.2
Honda Civic Hybrid (3rd gen)2014/15454719610/97.3
Honda Civic Hybrid (3rd gen)2012/1344442027/87.5
Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid2013/1642482009/9*7.3
Ford Fusion (2nd gen)2013/1644412097/9*7.8
Toyota Prius v2012/1644402127/8*7.8
Lexus CT 200h2011/1643402127/8*7.8
Honda Insight (2nd gen)2012/1441442127/87.8
2010/1140432177/88.0
Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)2011404321788.0
2009/10404521297.8
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid SE2016404421597.8
Toyota Camry Hybrid LE (XV50)
Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE (XV50)
2012/1643392177/9*8.0
40382227/9*8.2
Lexus ES 300h2013/1640392227/8*8.2
Toyota Avalon Hybrid2013/1640392247/8*8.2
Ford C-Max Hybrid2013/1642372257/9*8.2
Ford Fusion Hybrid
Mercury Milan Hybrid
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid
2010/12413622878.4
2010/11413622878.4
2011/12413622878.4
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid (2nd gen)2013/1438372337/98.7
Acura ILX Hybrid2013/1439382347/9*8.7
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
Kia Optima Hybrid
2013/15364023798.7
2011/12343921299.1
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Limited
Kia Optima Hybrid EX
2013/15364023988.9
2011/12353924288.9
Honda CR-Z CVT2013/1536392388/9*8.9
2011/1235392408/9*8.9
Lexus HS 250h2010/1235342547/8*9.4
Honda CR-Z Manual 6 spd2013/1631382619/9*9.7
2011/1231372619/9*9.7
Nissan Altima Hybrid2009/1035332619.0*9.7
201133332699*10.0
Toyota Camry Hybrid (XV40)2009/10333426179.7
20113135269710.0
Lexus NX 300h2015/163531270810.0
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid AWD20163431270810.0
Ford Escape Hybrid FWD(2)
Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD
2010/123431278710.3
2010/123027306711.4
Infiniti Q502014/152936286610.6
Lexus GS 450h2013/162934283810.6
Lexus RX 450h
Lexus RX 450h AWD
2010/153228297611
2014/163028309NA11.4
Infiniti M35h
Infiniti M35h AWD
2012/132732306611.4
Chevrolet Malibu eAssist
Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid
2013/142537305511.4
2009/102634306511.4
Buick Regal eAssist
Buick LaCrosse eAssist
2012/132536305511.4
Buick Regal eAssist
Buick LaCrosse eAssist
201425363085/811.4
Chevrolet Impala eAssist2013/1425353085/811.4
Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4WD2011/162828317811.8
2009/102725342812.7
Saturn Vue Hybrid 6 cyl, 3.6L
Saturn Vue Hybrid 4 cyl, 2.4 L
20092730317NA11.8
2009/102532317611.8
BMW ActiveHybrid 32013/152533313611.8
Mercedes-Benz E400 Hybrid2013/1524303369/912.7
Audi Q5 Hybrid2013/1624303376/612.7
BMW ActiveHybrid 52013/162330346612.7
BMW ActiveHybrid 7/7L2013/152230350613.2
2011/121724444616.5
Porsche Panamera S Hybrid2012/132230364613.2
Lexus GS 450h2009/112225386714.3
Mercedes-Benz ML4502010/112024404815.0
Porsche Cayenne S Hybrid2011/142024413615.7
VW Touareg Hybrid2011/152024413615.7
Mercedes-Benz S4002010/131925414915.7
Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD/4WD
Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD
Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD
2011 to 20132023415615.7
20102122404NA15.0
20092021444516.5
Dodge Durango HEV 4WD20092022423NA15.7
Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2WD
Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 4WD
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2WD
GMC Sierra Hybrid 2WD
GMC Yukon Hybrid2WD
Silverado/Tahoe/Sierra/Yukon 4WD
20092122423515.7
20092020444516.5
20102122404515.0
2011 to 20132023418615.7
2011 to 20132023423615.7
Lexus LS 600h L2009/102022423815.7
2011 to 20131923444816.5
BMW ActiveHybrid X6201117194945/618.3
Source: U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[35]
Notes: (1) All states except California and Northeastern states, * otherwise.
(2) Performance is the same for the Mazda Tribute Hybrid 2WD and the Mercury Mariner Hybrid 2WD.

See also

References

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  2. "Hybrids account for nearly 20 percent of cars in Japan, automobile association says". The Japan Times. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
  3. Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-06). "Americans Buy Their Four-Millionth Hybrid Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
  4. Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2013 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  5. Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
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  8. Jeff Cobb (2013-04-22). "December 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-09-10. See the section: December 2012 Hybrid Cars Numbers. A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Ford sold 32,543 hybrids in the U.S. during 2012, including 14,100 Ford Fusion Hybrids, 10,935 C-Max Hybrids, 6,067 Lincoln MKZ Hybrids, and 1,441 Ford Escape Hybrids.
  9. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-04). "April 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
  10. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-06-05. Hybrid car sales totaled 384,404 units in 2015.
  11. "December 2009 Dashboard: Year-End Tally". hybridCars.com. 2010-01-20. Archived from the original on 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  12. "February 2009 Hybrid Market Dashboard" (PDF). hybridCars.com. 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  13. "February 2008 Hybrid Market Dashboard" (PDF). hybridCars.com. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  14. Greg Asciutto (2013-09-25). "Santa Monica a top city for electric vehicles". Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  15. Jaclyn Trop (2013-09-20). "Santa Monica Bets on Electric Cars, but Consumers Are Slow to Switch". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
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  17. Cobb, Jeff (2018-01-04). "December 2017 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2018-02-03. Sales figures for 2016 and 2017 are reported.
  18. Christie Schweinsberg (2011-06-07). "U.S. Hybrid Sales Hit 2 Million Mark". Ward's. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  19. Jeff Cobb (2013-11-04). "Americans Buy Their 3,000,000th Hybrid". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
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  22. Jerry Hirsch (2013-01-22). "Toyota Prius topples Honda Civic as bestselling car in California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-01-22. The sales figure includes the Prius liftback, Prius v, Prius c and Prius PHV.
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