Agent Orange Act of 1991

Agent Orange Act of 1991
Long title	An Act to provide for the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to obtain independent scientific review of the available scientific evidence regarding associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)	AOA
Nicknames	Agent Orange bill
Enacted by	the 102nd United States Congress
Effective	February 6, 1991
Citations
Public law	102-4
Statutes at Large	105 Stat. 11
Codification
Titles amended	38 U.S.C.: Veterans' Benefits
U.S.C. sections created	38 U.S.C. § 1116
U.S.C. sections amended	38 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.; 38 U.S.C. § 241; 38 U.S.C. § 1154;
Legislative history
	Introduced in the House as H.R. 556 by Gillespie V. Montgomery (D–MS) on January 17, 1991; Committee consideration by House Veterans' Affairs; Passed the House on January 29, 1991 (412-0 Roll call vote 016, via Clerk.House.gov); Passed the Senate on January 30, 1991 (99-0 Roll call vote 9, via Senate.gov, in lieu of S. 238); Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on February 6, 1991;

Agent Orange Act of 1991 establishes provisions for the National Academy of Sciences to analyze and summarize scientific evidence regarding presumptive military service exposure to defoliants, dioxins, and herbicides, better known as Agent Orange, during the Vietnam War era. The United States Statute endorses an observation of human medical conditions directly related to non-Hodgkin lymphoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, chloracne, and consistent acneform diseases for military personnel who served in the overseas Vietnamese region. The Act of Congress ratifies a medical research compilation of voluntarily contributed blood and tissue samples provided by Vietnam-era veterans serving in Southeast Asia between 1961 and 1975.

The H.R. 556 legislation was passed by the 102nd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 41st President of the United States George H.W. Bush on February 6, 1991.[1][2]

Agent Orange Study

On December 6, 1979, the 96th United States Congress passed the Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 which was enacted into law by United States President Jimmy Carter on December 20, 1979.[3] House Bill 3892 endorsed the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to conduct an epidemiological study concerning human exposure and the adverse health effects of dioxins and phenoxy herbicides.[4] The persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances protocol was subject to approval by the Office of Technology Assessment as stated in the provisions of the H.R. 3892 legislation.

The 96th United States Senate passed bill S. 2096 sanctioning the Agent Orange study to be conducted by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[5] On January 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter vetoed the Senate bill due to the repetitive purpose of the Section 307a1 provisions as stated in House bill 3892.[6]

Title 38 Amendments and Associated Statutes

U.S. Congressional amendments to Title 38 regarding veterans' military benefits.

Date of Enactment	Public Law Number	U.S. Statute Citation	U.S. Legislative Bill	U.S. Presidential Administration
November 3, 1981	P.L. 97-72	95 Stat. 1047	H.R. 3499	Ronald Reagan
October 24, 1984	P.L. 98-542	98 Stat. 2725	H.R. 1961	Ronald Reagan
December 6, 1989	P.L. 101-201	103 Stat. 1795	S. 892	George H.W. Bush
December 18, 1989	P.L. 101-237	103 Stat. 2062	H.R. 901	George H.W. Bush
November 2, 1994	P.L. 103-452	108 Stat. 4783	H.R. 3313	William J. Clinton

References

Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Statement on Signing the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 114–115.
Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Remarks on Signing the Veterans' Compensation Amendments of 1991 and the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 112–113.
"Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 ~ P.L. 96-151" (PDF). 93 Stat. 1092 ~ House Bill 3892. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 20, 1979.
"H.R. 3892 ~ Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979". P.L. 96-151 ~ 93 Stat. 1092. Congress.gov. May 2, 1979.
"S. 2096 ~ Agent Orange Study of 1979". Congress.gov. December 20, 1979.
Carter, Jimmy E. (January 2, 1980). "Veto of Legislation Requiring a Study of Health Effects of Dioxin Exposure: Message to the Senate Returning S. 2096 Without Approval - January 2, 1980". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 4–5.

United States Oversight of Chemical Weapons

"Veterans: Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ CED-78-158. U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 16, 1978.
"Veterans: Agent Orange" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ 111614. U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 21, 1980.
"H.R. 1961 - Agent Orange Relief Act". Office of History, Art, & Archives. Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives. March 8, 1983.
"Serum Dioxin in Vietnam-Era Veterans -- Preliminary Report". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. July 24, 1987.
Bush, George H.W. (May 13, 1991). "Statement on Chemical Weapons - May 13, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 503.
"Agent Orange: Persisting Problems With Communication of Ranch Hand Study Data and Results" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ T-NSIAD-00-117. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 15, 2000.
H.R. 2634 - Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011 at Congress.gov
H.R. 326 - Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2019 at Congress.gov

Periodical Bibliography

"On the Agent Orange Trail". New York Times. July 5, 1979.
"Traces of a Toxic Chemical Found in Vietnam Veterans". New York Times. December 13, 1979.
"AGENT ORANGE STUDY WON'T BE COMPLETED UNTIL '89, V.A. SAYS". New York Times. September 1, 1982.
Severo, Richard (September 16, 1982). "V.A. ASSAILED ON DELAYING AGENT ORANGE STUDY". New York Times.
Lyons, Richard D. (September 25, 1984). "U.S. EMBARKS ON $100 MILLION STUDY OF AGENT ORANGE". New York Times.
Peterson, Iver (May 19, 1986). "STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AGENT ORANGE ON VETERANS IS STALLED IN DISPUTE". New York Times.
Schneider, Keith (August 10, 1990). "Agent Orange Study Was Obstructed, Panel Says". New York Times.
Clymer, Adam (January 31, 1991). "Bill Passed to Aid Veterans Affected by Agent Orange". New York Times.
Haberman, Clyde (May 11, 2014). "Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans". New York Times.

Reading Bibliography

"Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam". National Center for Biotechnology Information - U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, Maryland: National Academies Press. 1994.
Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam. Google Books. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. January 15, 1994. ISBN 978-0309075299. OCLC 1013384268.
"Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure". National Center for Biotechnology Information - U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, Maryland: National Academies Press. June 1, 2011.
Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure. Google Books. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. June 1, 2011. ISBN 978-0309216210. OCLC 742631788.
"Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft". National Center for Biotechnology Information - U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, Maryland: National Academies Press. May 20, 2015.
Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft. Google Books. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. May 20, 2015. ISBN 978-0309308939. OCLC 910210790.

Historical Video Archive

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (July 11, 1989). Agent Orange Studies. Internet Archive (Television production). Washington, D.C.: Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN).
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (June 26, 1990). Agent Orange Study. Internet Archive (Television production). Washington, D.C.: Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN).
Mitchell, Jon (May 15, 2012). Defoliated Island Agent Orange, Okinawa And The Vietnam War (Television production). Internet Archive. Okinawa Island, Japan: Ryukyu Asahi Broadcasting. 47:59 minutes in.CS1 maint: others (link)
Wright, Gerry (June 28, 2019). Agent Orange Documentary (Television production). Internet Archive. Andover, Connecticut: Community Voice Channel. 39:49 minutes in.CS1 maint: others (link)
The Dark Shadow of Agent Orange on YouTube

External links

"Agent Orange". VVMF.org. Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund.
"Public Health - Agent Orange". Military Exposures ~ Agent Orange. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

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[1] Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Statement on Signing the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 114–115.

[2] Bush, George H.W. (February 6, 1991). "Remarks on Signing the Veterans' Compensation Amendments of 1991 and the Agent Orange Act of 1991 - February 6, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 112–113.

[3] "Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979 ~ P.L. 96-151" (PDF). 93 Stat. 1092 ~ House Bill 3892. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 20, 1979.

[4] "H.R. 3892 ~ Veterans Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979". P.L. 96-151 ~ 93 Stat. 1092. Congress.gov. May 2, 1979.

[5] "S. 2096 ~ Agent Orange Study of 1979". Congress.gov. December 20, 1979.

[6] Carter, Jimmy E. (January 2, 1980). "Veto of Legislation Requiring a Study of Health Effects of Dioxin Exposure: Message to the Senate Returning S. 2096 Without Approval - January 2, 1980". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 4–5.

1990 Chemical Weapons Accord	Napalm
Chemical Corps	Operation Ranch Hand
Chemical Weapons Convention	Operation Rolling Thunder
Fairchild C-123 Provider	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Geneva Protocol	Paris Peace Accords
Herbicidal warfare	Project AGILE
III Corps of South Vietnam	Radiation exposure
Jungle warfare	Scorched earth
Mekong Delta	United States chemical weapons program
Mobile Riverine Force	United States herbicidal warfare research

2,4-D	Naphthenic acid
2,4,5-T	Palmitic acid
Cacodylic acid	PCDD
Dioxin	Picloram
Diquat	TCDD

Vietnam War
Participants	North Vietnam (Việt Minh / PAVN, Viet Cong) South Vietnam (ARVN) United States Australia South Korea
Related conflicts	Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cold War (1962–1979)
Background	French Indochina Japanese occupation State of Vietnam (1949–1955) First Indochina War (Việt Minh, Battle of Dien Bien Phu) 1954 Geneva Conference Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 1955 referendum North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt
Events	1962: Strategic Hamlet Program Independence Palace bombing 1963: Buddhist crisis Coup against Diem 1964: Coup against Minh Gulf of Tonkin incident / Resolution December coup 1965: U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 1965 South Vietnamese coup Bombing of North Vietnam 1966: Buddhist Uprising 1968: Tet Offensive (Khe Sanh, Hue) 1970: Cambodian campaign 1971: Vietnamization policy, ARVN campaign in Laos 1972: Easter Offensive Christmas bombings 1973: Paris Peace Accords 1974: Battle of Phước Long 1975: 1975 Spring Offensive Fall of Saigon
Aftermath	Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Vietnamese boat people Vietnam Veterans Memorial Normalization of US–Vietnam relations
Other topics	Agent Orange Body count Củ Chi tunnels Ho Chi Minh trail Opposition to United States involvement Pentagon Papers SEATO Sihanouk Trail United States news media and Vietnam Vietnam War in film Vietnam War in games War crimes (Hue, My Lai, Đắk Sơn) Weapons of the Vietnam War
Category Battles and operations